Transform, clipping, and lighting

Transform, clipping, and lighting (T&L or sometimes TCL) is a term used in computer graphics. This is featured in many graphics processing units.

Overview
Transformation is the task of producing a two-dimensional view of a three-dimensional scene. Clipping means only drawing the parts of the scene that will be present in the picture after rendering is completed. Lighting is the task of altering the colour of the various surfaces of the scene on the basis of lighting information.

Hardware
Hardware T&L had been used in arcade system boards since the early 1990s, including Sega's Model 1 and the Namco System 22 in 1992, and the Sega Model 2 and Namco Magic Edge Hornet Simulator in 1993. The Sega Model 3 arcade system in 1996 also featured T&L capabilities. T&L was used by home video game consoles since the Nintendo 64's Reality Coprocessor GPU in 1996.

In personal computer systems, however, T&L was implemented in software until the late 1990s and it was believed that faster CPUs would be able to keep pace with demands for ever more realistic rendering. However, 3D computer and video games of the time were producing increasingly complex scenes and detailed lighting effects much faster than the increase of CPU processing power.

Fujitsu, which worked on the Sega Model 2 arcade system, began working on integrating T&L into a single LSI solution for use in home computers in 1995. In 1997, it developed a graphics card with integrated T&L, and released its geometry processor separately as the Pinolite. The same year, Rendition and Hercules began cooperating on a "Thriller Conspiracy" project which combined a Fujitsu FXG-1 Pinolite processor with a Vérité V2200 core to create a graphics card with a full T&L engine years before Nvidia's GeForce 256. This card, designed to reduce the load placed upon the system's CPU, never made it to market.

Fujitsu's FXG-1 "Pinolite" geometry processor (based on the Fujitsu TGPx4 chipset used in the Sega Model 2C arcade system in 1996) was released in 1997 and pioneered consumer hardware support for T&L, making near arcade-quality 3D graphics possible on a PC. Rendition soon utilized the Fujitsu FXG-1 for their Hercules Thriller Conspiracy, which was to be the first consumer GPU graphics card featuring T&L, but its release was eventually cancelled. 

In 1997, Mitsubishi released the 3Dpro/2MP, a fully featured GPU capable of transformation and lighting, for workstations and Windows NT desktops; AMD utilized it for their FireGL 4000 graphics card, released in 1997.

Later, Nvidia's GeForce 256 was released in late 1999 and popularized consumer hardware support for T&L. It had faster vertex processing not only due to the T&L hardware, but also because of a cache that avoided having to process the same vertex twice in certain situations. While DirectX 7.0 (particularly Direct3D 7) was the first release of that API to support hardware T&L, OpenGL had supported it much longer and was typically the purview of older professionally-oriented 3D accelerators which were designed for computer-aided design (CAD) instead of games.

S3 Graphics launched the Savage 2000 accelerator in late 1999, shortly after GeForce 256, but S3 never developed working Direct3D 7.0 drivers that would have enabled hardware T&L support.

ATI began using hardware T&L with the Radeon 7000 in 2000.

Usefulness
Hardware T&L did not have broad application support in games at the time (mainly due to Direct3D games transforming their geometry on the CPU and not being allowed to use indexed geometries), so critics contended that it had little real-world value. Initially, it was only somewhat beneficial in a few OpenGL-based 3D first-person shooter titles of the time, most notably Quake III Arena. 3dfx and other competing graphics card companies contended that a fast CPU would make up for the lack of a T&L unit.

ATI's initial response to GeForce 256 was the dual-chip Rage Fury MAXX. By using two Rage 128 chips, each rendering an alternate frame, the card was able to somewhat approach the performance of SDR memory GeForce 256 cards, but the GeForce 256 DDR still retained the top speed. ATI was developing their own GPU at the time known as the Radeon which also implemented hardware T&L.

3dfx's Voodoo5 5500 did not have a T&L unit but it was able to match the performance of the GeForce 256, although the Voodoo5 was late to market and by its release it could not match the succeeding GeForce 2 GTS.

STMicroelectronics' PowerVR Kyro II, released in 2001, was able to rival the costlier ATI Radeon DDR and NVIDIA GeForce 2 GTS in benchmarks of the time, despite not having hardware transform and lighting. As more and more games were optimised for hardware transform and lighting, the KYRO II lost its performance advantage and is not supported by most modern games.

Futuremark's 3DMark 2000 heavily utilized hardware T&L, which resulted in the Voodoo 5 and Kyro II both scoring poorly in the benchmark tests, behind budget T&L video cards such as the GeForce 2 MX and Radeon SDR.

Industry standardization
By 2000, only ATI with their comparable Radeon 7xxx series, would remain in direct competition with Nvidia's GeForce 256 and GeForce 2. By the end of 2001, all discrete graphics chips would have hardware T&L.

Support of hardware T&L assured the GeForce and Radeon of a strong future, unlike its Direct3D 6 predecessors who relied upon software T&L. While hardware T&L does not add new rendering features, the extra performance allowed for much more complex scenes and an increasing number of games recommended it anyway to run at optimal performance. GPUs that support T&L in hardware are usually considered to be in the DirectX 7.0 generation.

After hardware T&L had become standard in GPUs, the next step in computer 3D graphics was DirectX 8.0 with fully programmable vertex and pixel shaders. Nonetheless, many early games using DirectX 8.0 shaders, such as Half-Life 2, made that feature optional so DirectX 7.0 hardware T&L GPUs could still run the game. For instance, the GeForce 256 was supported in games up until approximately 2006, in games such as Star Wars: Empire at War.