3D Realms

3D Realms (legal name Apogee Software, Ltd.) is a current video game publisher and former video game developer based in Garland, Texas and established in 1987. It is best known for popularizing the shareware distribution model and as the creator of franchises on the PC such as Duke Nukem, and also the publisher of other franchises such as Commander Keen and Wolfenstein 3D. 30-35 employees as of 2008.

While the company is known as "3D Realms", the legal name of the company is Apogee Software, Ltd. The name "3D Realms" was initially created as a branding label in July 1994 for use by Apogee which would be dedicated to just 3D games (as Apogee was then known for several styles of games). However, shortly after this, 3D games started to dominate the industry, and Apogee decided to direct its focus on this style of game; as such, "Apogee" was abandoned as a trade name in late 1996. In July 2008, however, it announced that the brand Apogee Software would be revived with new games, but licensed to an external company, Apogee Software, LLC.

Background
Apogee started in 1987 with the release of Scott Miller's Kingdom of Kroz, which used crude extended ASCII characters as graphics. Nevertheless, the game sold quite well and Apogee was born. In 1991, George Broussard joined the company as co-owner, bringing with him several games of his that were previously released under the name Micro F/X.

Apogee published games by other developers in addition to its own in-house titles. One of these developers, id Software, contributed to Apogee's success with games such as Commander Keen and Wolfenstein 3D, but later severed their ties with Apogee with their release of Doom in 1993 (although in its earliest stages, Doom was still an Apogee title).

Shareware and the Apogee model
Unlike traditional larger publishers that sold games in retail outlets, Apogee (like many independent developers) sold their products using the shareware method, depending mostly on BBSs, such as Software Creations, for distribution of their software.

Initial Apogee games (Beyond the Titanic and Supernova) were distributed as traditional shareware; that is, giving away the full game for free, and asking the customer to pay for it if he/she liked it. Upon registering, the customer would be able to receive support and help for the game. However, this marketing model did not prove to be profitable enough, so Apogee decided to implement a variation on the shareware model. Starting with Kingdom of Kroz, Apogee would provide the first instalment of a game composed of several episodes (usually three) for free (as shareware), and sell the remaining instalments by mail order. Registering the first episode would also enable the customer to receive support for that game, as well as giving them cheat codes for it. This method became known as the Apogee Model. Initially, each episode of a game was sold separately, with discounts for buying all the episodes together. Later games did not offer the option to buy a specific episode; the customer could play the shareware version (first episode) for free, and buy the full registered version (all episodes) if they liked the game. The former model has some similarities with the episodic model currently used by some game companies.

Apogee's commercial success led to the widespread adoption of the shareware model (and most of the time, the specific Apogee Model) by other major publishers such as Capstone, Parallax Software, id Software, Activision and Epic Megagames, and also led to a growth of Software Creations BBS, which would become the largest BBS in North America. Apogee later moved to the traditional retail model through distributors like GT Interactive; however, it still offers its earlier titles via shareware.

Apogee to 3D Realms
With the original intent to create a division for every genre of game Apogee produced, the two brand names 3D Realms (formed in July 1994) and the now disused Pinball Wizards were created. Instead of publishing every game under Apogee as it had been in the past, the goal of this strategy was to create a different brand for each type of game genre, making each new game identifiable based on which brand it belonged to. This enabled Apogee to target different markets.

However, many of those varied genres such as platform or scrolling shooter (that were much of Apogee's early releases) were slowly dying out in the late 1990s, which made this strategy unnecessary. In addition, due to the increasingly lengthy development time in producing a game title, video game publishers were no longer releasing titles at the rapid rate at which they once were.

3D Realms was created in 1994 for the 3D game Terminal Velocity and was responsible for the latest installments of the successful Duke Nukem games and for producing the Max Payne series (earlier 3D games like Rise of the Triad were released under the Apogee name). The Pinball Wizards name was created for the 1998 pinball title Balls of Steel but has not been used since.

The last game to be published under the Apogee name was Stargunner in 1996. Since 1998, all the company's games have been using a 3D engine (even if the gameplay is 2D, like in Duke Nukem: Manhattan Project). As a result, 3D Realms has replaced Apogee as the brand name to publish games under. Also, by the end of the 1990s, Apogee felt their brand name was more associated with old, outdated games and adopted the 3D Realms brand for all future releases. When the 3D Realms name was first conceived, the official motto was Reality is our Game. This motto is no longer used.

The Apogee name was spun off as Apogee Software LLC in 2008.

Current state and products
The latest game released by 3D Realms was Prey, on July 11, 2006 after being in development for eleven years. Prey was originally developed internally by 3D Realms, but after several years of delays, the company outsourced the development to Human Head Studios.

The other major project that 3D Realms was working on is Duke Nukem Forever, the sequel to Duke Nukem 3D. It was announced in 1997, and on May 6, 2009, its development was halted due to the development team being let go. The official release date of the game is "when it's done." During the years of the development of the game, some outside developers have developed and published Duke Nukem spinoffs.

On May 6, 2009, due to lack of funding, major staff cuts were initiated with the entire development team being laid off and other employees being given notice of their employment with the company being terminated. The official company website briefly went offline on that day, but went back up soon afterwards. While there was no official statement at that moment on the closure, apart from messages on the 3D Realms forum, a final message appeared in the front page of the site, showing a group photo of the 3D Realms team, with the caption "Goodbye. Thanks for being fans and for all your support."

It was reported on May 14, 2009 that Take-Two, holders of the publishing rights of Duke Nukem Forever, filed a breach of contract suit against Apogee Software Ltd (3D Realms) over failing to deliver the aforementioned title. Take-Two has asked for a restraining order and a preliminary injunction, to make 3D Realms keep the Duke Nukem Forever assets intact during proceedings.

On May 18, 2009 3D Realms key executives released the first full official "press release" with their side of the developments. "... 3D Realms (3DR) has not closed and is not closing. ... Due to lack of funding, however, we are saddened to confirm that we let the Duke Nukem Forever (DNF) development team go on May 6,... While 3DR is a much smaller studio now, we will continue to operate as a company and continue to licence and co-create games based upon the Duke Nukem franchise. ... Take-Two’s proposal was unacceptable to 3DR for many reasons, including no upfront money, no guarantee minimum payment, and no guarantee to complete the DNF game. ...we viewed Take-Two as trying to acquire the Duke Nukem franchise in a “fire sale.” ...we believe Take-Two’s lawsuit is without merit and merely a bully tactic to obtain ownership of the Duke Nukem franchise. We will vigorously defend ourselves against this publisher."

On the 3rd September 2010, Take-Two announced that development of Duke Nukem Forever had been shifted over to Gearbox Software, effectively ending 3D Realms' association with the game after 12 years of stunted development. 3D Realms will remain a co-developer on Duke Nukem Forever, due to their involvement in developing most of the game. However, the rights and intellectual property have been sold to Gearbox, who are now the owners of the Duke Nukem franchise.

As Apogee Software
Developer
 * 1986 – Beyond the Titanic
 * 1986 – Block Five
 * 1986 – Diamond Digger (aka Raiders of the Forbidden Mine and Gold Miner)
 * 1986 – Maze Machine
 * 1986 – Maze Runner (aka Rogue Runner)
 * 1987 – Kingdom of Kroz
 * 1987 – Supernova
 * 1988 – Night Bomber
 * 1988 – The Thing
 * 1988 – Trek Trivia
 * 1988 – Word Whiz
 * 1989 – Meteors (aka Asteroid Rescue)
 * 1990 – Phrase Master
 * 1991 – Arctic Adventure
 * 1991 – Crystal Caves
 * 1991 – Duke Nukem
 * 1992 – Cosmo's Cosmic Adventure
 * 1992 – Secret Agent
 * 1993 – Bio Menace
 * 1993 – Duke Nukem II
 * 1993 – Major Stryker
 * 1993 – Monster Bash
 * 1995 – Realms of Chaos
 * 1995 – Rise of the Triad
 * 1996 – Stargunner

Publisher/producer
 * 1988 – Trivia Whiz – Micro F/X Software
 * 1988 – Star Trek: The Next Generation Trivia – Micro F/X Software
 * 1989 – The Thor Trilogy – Scenario Software
 * 1990 – Pharaoh's Tomb – Micro F/X Software
 * 1990 – Monuments of Mars – Scenario Software
 * 1990 – Commander Keen: Invasion of the Vorticons – id Software
 * 1991 – Dark Ages – Scenario Software
 * 1991 – Commander Keen: Goodbye Galaxy! – id Software
 * 1991 – Paganitzu – Trilobyte
 * 1991 – Jumpman – Shamusoft Designs
 * 1992 – Wolfenstein 3D – id Software
 * 1992 – Word Rescue – Redwood Games
 * 1992 – Math Rescue – Redwood Games
 * 1993 – Alien Carnage (aka Halloween Harry) – SubZero Software
 * 1993 – Blake Stone: Aliens of Gold – JAM Productions
 * 1994 – Blake Stone: Planet Strike – JAM Productions
 * 1994 – Boppin' – Accursed Toys
 * 1994 – Hocus Pocus – Moonlite Software
 * 1994 – Mystic Towers – Animation F/X
 * 1994 – Raptor: Call of the Shadows – Mountain King Studios
 * 1994 – Wacky Wheels – Beavis Soft
 * 1995 – Xenophage: Alien Bloodsport – Argo Games
 * 1995 - Rise of the Triad
 * 1996 – Death Rally – Remedy Entertainment

Canceled projects
 * The Underground Empire of Kroz
 * Dino Days
 * Gateworld - Cancelled due to poor quality; later released by HomeBrew Software.
 * Commander Keen: The Universe Is Toast
 * Fantasy 3D
 * Cybertank 3D - Used a Wolfenstein 3D-like engine.
 * Tubes - Later released by Software Creations.
 * BoulderDash 5000
 * Nuclear Nightmare - Windows 3.1 game.
 * Angels Five
 * The Second Sword - To be developed by Cygnus Studios.
 * Wards of Wandaal
 * Doom – Was supposed to be published by Apogee, but a discussion with id Software (developer of Doom) finished with the conclusion that Apogee would no longer publish any games of id Software.
 * Megaloman
 * Tom, Dick, and Harry – Was written by Chris Nurse and produced by Andrew Amess of Transcend Ltd, which was a British shareware company that was the United Kingdom distributor for Apogee games. Tom, Dick and Harry was offered to Apogee but never reached the market, as Transcend Ltd closed down.
 * Violent Vengeance - Also known as Sango Fighter; released later by Panda Entertainment under this title.
 * Descent - Financial issues. Interplay later became the distributor.
 * Monster Bash VGA
 * Crazy Baby - Later released by New Generation Software as Clif Danger.
 * Fumes
 * Crystal Carnage
 * Pitfall! - Activision, who did the original game, came to Apogee about it, but Apogee couldn't get the creative control they wanted.
 * Ravager - Sold to Inner Circle Creations, who named it Alien Rampage.
 * Cyberboard Kid - Later released by Reality Studios as Cyril Cyberpunk.
 * Duke Nukem Forever (scroll game) – Was a side scroll game Apogee intended to do but later cancelled (not related to Duke Nukem: Manhattan Project). The title was reused for a 3D game, Duke Nukem Forever.

As Pinball Wizards
Publisher/producer
 * 1997 – Balls of Steel – Wildfire Studios

As 3D Realms
Developer
 * 1996 – Duke Nukem 3D
 * 1997 – Shadow Warrior
 * 2008 – Duke Nukem 3D (Xbox Live Arcade port)
 * 2010 – Duke Nukem Manhattan Project (Xbox Live Arcade port)
 * 2010 - Duke Nukem Forever Developed and Produced by 3D Realms with assistance by Gearbox Software, Piranha Games, and Triptych games

Publisher/producer
 * 1995 – Terminal Velocity – Terminal Reality
 * 1997 – Duke Nukem 64 (Nintendo 64 port of Duke Nukem 3D) – Eurocom
 * 1997 – Duke Nukem: Total Meltdown (PlayStation port of Duke Nukem 3D) – Aardvark Software
 * 1998 – Duke Nukem: Time to Kill (PlayStation) – N-Space
 * 1999 – Duke Nukem: Zero Hour (Nintendo 64) – Eurocom
 * 1999 – Duke Nukem (Game Boy Color) – Torus Games
 * 2000 – Duke Nukem: Land of the Babes (PlayStation) – N-Space
 * 2001 – Max Payne – Remedy Entertainment
 * 2002 – Duke Nukem: Manhattan Project – ARUSH Entertainment/Sunstorm Interactive
 * 2003 – Duke Nukem Advance (Game Boy Advance)) – Torus Games
 * 2003 – Max Payne 2: The Fall of Max Payne – Remedy Entertainment
 * 2004 – Duke Nukem Mobile (Tapwave Zodiac, Mobile phones) – Machine Works Northwest/Tapwave
 * 2005 – Duke Nukem Mobile II: Bikini Project (Mobile phones) – Machine Works Northwest
 * 2005 – Duke Nukem Mobile 3D (Mobile phones) – Machine Works Northwest
 * 2006 – Prey – Human Head Studios
 * 2009 – Prey Invasion (iPhone) – Machine Works Northwest
 * 2009 – Duke Nukem 3D (iPhone) – Machine Works Northwest
 * 2010 – Rise of the Triad (iPhone) – Mobila Interactive / Apogee Software
 * 2010 - Duke Nukem 3D (iPad) - Machine Works Northwest

Canceled projects
 * Ruins: Return of the Gods – A 3D game using the Build engine, it was sold to Playmates Interactive and retitled PowerSlave (Exhumed in Europe).
 * Blood – The game was supposed to be produced by 3D Realms and developed by Q Studios, but Q Studios was acquired and the rights were sold to Monolith Productions, who finished the game, which was published by GT Interactive.
 * Descent: FreeSpace – The Great War - Non-exclusive rights sold to Interplay.
 * Duke Nukem: D-Day – PlayStation 2 game to be developed by N-Space. Cancelled due to lack of sufficient progress.
 * Earth No More – Transferred over to Radar Group.
 * Prey 2 – Transferred over to Radar Group.
 * Bombshell (1996)
 * Duke Nukem Forever - Transferred to Gearbox Software.