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Arcade video games

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Arcade video games
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Arcade video games are coin-operated entertainment machines typically installed in businesses such as restaurants, pubs, and arcades, especially video arcades. Most arcade games are video games, electro-mechanical games, pinball machines, redemption games, and merchandisers (such as claw cranes).

The golden age of arcade video games lasted from the late 1970s to the mid-1990s. While arcade games were still relatively popular during the late 1990s, the entertainment medium saw a continuous decline in popularity in the Western hemisphere when home-based video game consoles made the transition from 2D graphics to 3D graphics. Despite this, arcades remain popular in many parts of Asia as late as the early 2010s.

The term "arcade game" is also, in recent times, used to refer to a video game that was designed to look like a classic arcade game (adopting an isometric view, 2D graphics, scores, lives, etc.) but instead released on platforms such as XBLA or PC.

History[ | ]

See also: Arcade and Video arcade

The first popular "arcade games" were early amusement park midway games such as shooting galleries, ball toss games, and the earliest coin-operated machines, such as those that claim to tell a person their fortune or played mechanical music. The old midways of 1920s-era amusement parks (such as Coney Island in New York) provided the inspiration and atmosphere of later arcade games.

In the 1930s, the first coin-operated pinball machines were made. These early amusement machines were distinct from their later electronic cousins in that they were made of wood, also they did not have plungers or lit-up bonus surfaces on the playing field, and used mechanical instead of electronic scoring readouts. By around 1977, most pinball machines in production switched to using solid state electronics for both operation and scoring.[1]

Electro-mechanical arcade games[ | ]

See also: Electronic game

Electro-mechanical (EM) games were arcade games that predated and were similar to arcade video games, but relied on electro-mechanical components to produce sounds or images rather than a cathode ray tube screen.[2] These were popular during the electro-mechanical golden age of the 1960s and 1970s, but video games eventually overtook them in popularity during the golden age of arcade video games that began with Space Invaders in 1978.[3]

Electro-mechanical golden age[ | ]

The electro-mechanical golden age began with the 1959 arcade hit Mini Drive, a racing game where the player used a steering wheel to control a miniature car across a scrolling conveyor belt inside an arcade cabinet. It was manufactured by Kasco (Kansei Seiki Seisakusho) and became a hit in Japan.[3]

Periscope, released by Namco in 1965,[4][5] and then by SEGA in 1966,[6] was an early submarine simulator and light gun shooter,[7] which used lights and plastic waves to simulate sinking ships from a submarine.[8] It became an instant success in Japan, Europe, and North America,[9] where it was the first arcade game to cost a quarter per play,[6] which would remain the standard price for arcade games for many years to come.[9] Periscope revived the North American arcade industry in the late 1960s.[10] The game was cloned by Midway as Sea Raider (1969) and Sea Devil (1970). Midway later adapted it into an arcade video game, Sea Wolf (1976).[11]

In 1967, Taito's EM arcade game Crown Soccer Special was a two-player sports game that simulated association football, using various electronic components, including electronic versions of pinball flippers.[12] SEGA's 1970 multiplayer EM shooter game Gun Fight was a direct precedent to Taito's 1975 arcade video game Gun Fight, which in turn was influential on shooter video games.[13]

Video projection games[ | ]

In the late 1960s, Japanese arcade manufacturers Kasco and SEGA introduced a new type of electro-mechanical game, video projection games. They were similar to, and anticipated, arcade video games, using rear video image projection to display moving animations on a video screen.[2][3][13] Video projection games became common in arcades of the 1970s. They combined electro-mechanical and video elements, laying the foundations for arcade video games, which adapted cabinet designs and gameplay mechanics from earlier video projection games.[13]

The first video projection games were Kasco's Indy 500, released in the late 1960s,[3] and SEGA's Duck Hunt, released in January 1969.[14][15] Duck Hunt was a light gun shooter that featured animated moving targets on a screen, printed out the player's score on a ticket, and had sound effects that were volume controllable.[14]

Indy 500 was a rear-projection racing game designed by Kenzou Furukawa. It used rear image projection to display a first-person scrolling track on a video screen, along with rival cars the player needs to avoid crashing into, while the controls consisted of a steering wheel and accelerator pedal. It became a hit in Japan, selling 2,000 cabinets there, and inspired several clones in 1969, including SEGA's Grand Prix and Chicago Coin's Speedway, which became an even bigger hit in North America, selling 10,000 cabinets there and winning a prize.[3] SEGA's clone Grand Prix also had a first-person view, electronic sound, a dashboard with a racing wheel and accelerator,[16] and a similar forward-scrolling road projected on a screen.[17] Indy 500 laid the foundations for racing video games.[3]

Another 1969 SEGA release, Missile, a shooter and vehicle-combat simulation, featured electronic sound and a moving film strip to represent the targets on a projection screen. It was the earliest known arcade game to feature a joystick with a fire button, which formed part of an early dual-control scheme, where two directional buttons are used to move the player's tank and a two-way joystick is used to shoot and steer the missile onto oncoming planes displayed on the screen; when a plane is hit, an animated explosion appears on screen, accompanied by the sound of an explosion.[18] Midway released the game in North America as S.A.M.I. in 1970.[18][19]

In the late 1960s, SEGA developed Jet Rocket, which eventually released in 1970, and was cloned shortly after by three Chicago manufacturers.[10] Jet Rocket was a combat flight simulator featuring cockpit controls that could move the player aircraft around a landscape displayed on a screen and shoot missiles onto targets that explode when hit.[20] It featured shooting and flight movement in a 3D environment from a first-person perspective, a precursor to first-person vehicle combat video games such as Battlezone (1980) and Hovertank 3D (1991), and the first-person shooter video game genre.[21]

In 1972, SEGA released an electro-mechanical game called Killer Shark, a first-person light-gun shooter known for appearing in the 1975 film Jaws.[2] In 1974, Nintendo released Wild Gunman, a light-gun shooter that used full motion video projection from 16 mm film to display live-action cowboy opponents on the screen.[22] It was the first interactive movie game, and the first game to use full motion video (FMV).[21] The quick time event (QTE) mechanic also has origins in Wild Gunman. Alternate film footage was played depending on the player's quick draw reaction. It paved the way for later QTE laserdisc video games.[13] In the 1970s, Kasco released a hit electro-mechanical arcade game with live-action FMV, projecting car footage filmed by Toei.[3]

In 1975, Kasco released the first holographic 3-D game, Gun Smoke, a light gun shooter. It was a hit in Japan, selling 6,000 cabinets there, but only 750 cabinets were sold in the US.[23] It was followed by two more holographic Kasco gun games, Samurai and Bank Robber, released between 1975 and 1977, as well as a 1976 Midway clone, Top Gun. They predated the first holographic video games, SEGA's Time Traveler (1991) and Holosseum (1992).[24]

One of the last successful electro-mechanical arcade games was F-1, a racing game developed by Namco and distributed by Atari in 1976.[25] This game appeared in the films Dawn of the Dead (1978)[26] and Midnight Madness (1980), as did SEGA's Jet Rocket in the latter film.

In the course of the 1970s, following the release of Pong in 1972, arcade video games began competing with electro-mechanical games in the arcades.[27][3] The gradual shift was not abrupt, as early arcade video games were largely modelled after earlier video projection games,[13] which continued to thrive up until the 1978 video game Space Invaders,[3] which dealt a powerful blow to the popularity of electro-mechanical games.[28] Kasco, one of the biggest electro-mechanical arcade manufacturers at the time, declined due to its reluctance to make the transition to arcade video games. The 1978 release of Space Invaders marked the end of the electro-mechanical golden age, and the beginning of the golden age of arcade video games.[3]

Arcade video games[ | ]

See also: Timeline of arcade video game history and Golden age of video games

In 1971, students at Stanford University set up the Galaxy Game, a coin-operated version of the Spacewar video game. This is the earliest known instance of a coin-operated video game. Later in the same year, Nolan Bushnell created the first mass-manufactured such game, Computer Space, for Nutting Associates.

In 1972, Atari was formed by Nolan Bushnell and Ted Dabney. Atari essentially created the coin-operated video game industry with the game Pong, the first successful electronic ping pong video game. Pong proved to be popular, but imitators helped keep Atari from dominating the fledgling coin-operated video game market.

Golden age[ | ]

Taito's Space Invaders, in 1978, proved to be the first blockbuster arcade video game.[29] Its success marked the beginning of the golden age of arcade video games. Video game arcades sprang up in shopping malls, and small "corner arcades" appeared in restaurants, grocery stores, bars and movie theaters all over the United States, Japan and other countries during the late 1970s and early 1980s. Space Invaders (1978), Galaxian (1979), Pac-Man (1980), Battlezone (1980), Defender (1980), and Bosconian (1981) were especially popular. By 1981, the arcade video game industry was worth $8 billion[30] ($20.8 billion in 2024).

During the late 1970s and 1980s, chains such as Chuck E. Cheese's, Ground Round, Dave and Busters, and Gatti's Pizza combined the traditional restaurant and/or bar environment with arcades.[31] By the late-1980s, the arcade video game craze was beginning to fade due to advances in home video game console technology. By 1991, US arcade video game revenues had fallen to $2.1 billion.[32]

SEGA AM2's Hang-On, designed by Yu Suzuki and running on the SEGA Space Harrier hardware, was the first of SEGA's "Super Scaler" arcade system boards that allowed pseudo-3D sprite-scaling at high frame rates.[33] The pseudo-3D sprite/tile scaling was handled in a similar manner to textures in later texture-mapped polygonal 3D games of the 1990s.[34] Designed by SEGA AM2's Yu Suzuki, he stated that his "designs were always 3D from the beginning. All the calculations in the system were 3D, even from Hang-On. I calculated the position, scale, and zoom rate in 3D and converted it backwards to 2D. So I was always thinking in 3D."[35] It was controlled using a video game arcade cabinet resembling a motorbike, which the player moves with their body. This began the "Taikan" trend, the use of motion-controlled hydraulic arcade cabinets in many arcade games of the late 1980's, two decades before motion controls became popular on video game consoles.[36]

Renaissance[ | ]

In the early 1990s, the arcades experienced a major resurgence with the 1991 release of Capcom's Street Fighter II,[37] which popularized competitive fighting games and revived the arcade industry to a level of popularity not seen since the days of Pac-Man,[38] setting off a renaissance for the arcade game industry in the early 1990s.[39] Its success led to a wave of other popular games which mostly were in the fighting genre, such as Pit-Fighter (1990) by Atari, Mortal Kombat by Midway Games,[40] Fatal Fury: King of Fighters (1992) by SNK, Virtua Fighter (1993) by SEGA, Killer Instinct (1994) by Rare, and The King of Fighters (1994–2005) by SNK.

3D polygon graphics were popularized by the SEGA Model 1 games Virtua Racing (1992) and Virtua Fighter (1993),[41] followed by racing games[38] like the Namco System 22 title Ridge Racer (1993) and SEGA Model 2 title Daytona USA, and light gun shooters like SEGA's Virtua Cop (1994)[42] and Mesa Logic's Area 51 (1995), gaining considerable popularity in the arcades.[38] By 1994, arcade games in the United States were generating revenues of $7 billion[43] in quarters (equivalent to $11.2 billion in 2024),[44] in comparison to home console game sales of $6 billion,[43] with many of the best-selling home video games in the early 1990s often being arcade ports.[45] Combined, total US arcade and console game revenues of $13 billion in 1994 ($20.8 billion in 2024) was nearly two and a half times the $5 billion revenue grossed by movies in the United States at the time.[43]

Around the mid-1990s, the fifth-generation home consoles, SEGA Saturn, PlayStation, and Nintendo 64, began offering true 3D graphics. By 1995, personal computers followed, with 3D accelerator cards. While arcade systems such as the SEGA Model 3 remained more advanced than home systems,[46] consoles and computers began approaching technological parity with arcade equipment. The technological advantage that arcade games had, in their ability to customize and use the latest graphics and sound chips, narrowed, and the convenience of home games caused a rapid decline in arcade gaming. By 1998, SEGA's 128-bit console, the Dreamcast, could produce 3D graphics on-par with the SEGA Naomi arcade machine. After producing the more powerful SEGA Hikaru in 1999 and SEGA Naomi 2 in 2000, SEGA eventually stopped manufacturing custom arcade system boards, with their subsequent arcade boards being based on either consoles or commercial PC components.

Decline[ | ]

Arcade video games had declined in popularity so much by the late 1990s, that revenues in the United States dropped to $1.33 billion in 1999,[47] and reached a low of $866 million in 2004.[48] Furthermore, by the early 2000s, networked gaming via computers and then consoles across the Internet had also appeared,[49] replacing the venue of head-to-head competition and social atmosphere once provided solely by arcades.[50]

The arcades also lost their status as the forefront of new game releases. Given the choice between playing a game at an arcade three or four times (perhaps 15 minutes of play for a typical arcade game), and renting, at about the same price, exactly the same game—for a video game console—the console became the preferred choice. Fighting games were the most attractive feature for arcades, since they offered the prospect of face-to-face competition and tournaments, which correspondingly led players to practice more (and spend more money in the arcade), but they could not support the business all by themselves.

To remain viable, arcades added other elements to complement the video games such as redemption games, merchandisers, and food service. Referred to as "fun centers" or "family fun centers",[51] some of the longstanding chains such as Chuck E. Cheese's and Gatti's Pizza ("GattiTowns")[52] also changed to this format. Many old video game arcades have long since closed, and classic coin-operated games have become largely the province of dedicated hobbyists.

Today[ | ]

Today's arcades have found a niche in games that use special controllers largely inaccessible to home users. An alternative interpretation (one that includes fighting games, which continue to thrive and require no special controller) is that the arcade game is now a more socially-oriented hangout, with games that focus on an individual's performance, rather than the game's content, as the primary form of novelty. Examples of today's popular genres are rhythm games such as Dance Dance Revolution (1998) and DrumMania (1999), and rail shooters such as Virtua Cop (1994), Time Crisis and House of the Dead (1996).

In the Western world, the arcade video game industry still exists today but in a greatly reduced form. Video arcade game hardware is often based on home game consoles to facilitate porting a video arcade game to a home system; there are video arcade versions of Dreamcast (NAOMI, Atomiswave), PlayStation 2 (System 246), Nintendo GameCube (Triforce), and Microsoft Xbox (Chihiro) home consoles. Some arcades have survived by expanding into ticket-based prize redemption and more physical games with no home console equivalent, such as skee ball and whack-a-mole. Some genres, particularly dancing and rhythm games (such as Konami's Dance Dance Revolution), continue to be popular in arcades.

In the Japanese gaming industry, on the other hand, arcades have remained popular through to the present day. As of 2009, out of Japan's $20 billion gaming market, $6 billion of that amount is generated from arcades, which represent the largest sector of the Japanese video game market, followed by home console games and mobile games at $3.5 billion and $2 billion, respectively.[53] In 2005, arcade ownership and operation accounted for a majority of Namco's revenues, for example.[54] However, due to the country's economic recession, the Japanese arcade industry has also been steadily declining, from ¥702.9 billion (US$8.7 billion) in 2007 to ¥504.3 billion ($6.2 billion) in 2010.[55]

Worldwide, arcade game revenues gradually increased from $1.8 billion in 1998 to $3.2 billion in 2002, rivalling PC game sales of $3.2 billion that same year.[56] In particular, arcade video games are a thriving industry in China, where arcades are widespread across the country.[57] The US market has also experienced a slight resurgence, with the number of video game arcades across the nation increasing from 2,500 in 2003 to 3,500 in 2008, though this is significantly less than the 10,000 arcades in the early 1980s. As of 2009, a successful arcade game usually sells around 4000 to 6000 units worldwide.[58] In the early 2000's, consumers in the United Kingdom spent £58 million on arcade games each year, [39] equivalent to $120 million then (or $160 million in 2014 dollars).

The relative simplicity yet solid gameplay of many of these early games has inspired a new generation of fans who can play them on mobile phones or with emulators such as MAME. Some classic arcade games are reappearing in commercial settings, such as Namco's Ms. Pac-Man 20 Year Reunion / Galaga Class of 1981 two-in-one game,[59] or integrated directly into controller hardware (joysticks) with replaceable flash drives storing game ROMs. Arcade classics have also been reappearing as mobile games, with Pac-Man in particular selling over 30 million downloads in the United States by 2010.[60]

Technology[ | ]

Virtually all modern arcade games (other than the very traditional midway-type games at county fairs) make extensive use of solid state electronics and integrated circuits. Coin-operated arcade video games generally use multiple CPUs, additional sound and graphics chips and/or boards, and the latest in computer graphics display technology.

Throughout the latter 20th century, the arcade platform was known for featuring the most advanced graphics and cutting-edge technology in the video game industry, up until it was overtaken by the PC platform in the 21st century; recent arcade game hardware is often based on modified video game console hardware or high-end PC components.

The newest arcade video games tend to also have interactivity as part of the game design, making the game player feel like they are more kinesthetically connected to the game itself. One form of interactive technology, virtual reality, has failed to truly become popular in arcade games, but this is due to the technical limitations of truly being able to achieve real virtual reality by any means.

Arcade games frequently have more immersive and realistic game controls than either PC or console games, including specialized ambiance or control accessories: Fully enclosed dynamic cabinets with force feedback controls, dedicated lightguns, rear-projection displays, reproductions of automobile or airplane cockpits, motorcycle or horse-shaped controllers, or highly dedicated controllers such as dancing mats and fishing rods. These accessories are usually what set modern video games apart from other games, as they are usually too bulky, expensive, and specialized to be used with typical home PCs and consoles.

Emulation[ | ]

Many older arcade games are enjoying a revival among fans, thanks to emulators such as MAME, which can be run on modern computers and a number of other devices.

Locations[ | ]

In addition to restaurants and video arcades, arcade games are also found in bowling alleys, college campuses, dormitories, laundromats, movie theatres, supermarkets, shopping malls, airports, bars/pubs and even bakeries. In short, arcade games are popular in places open to the public where people are likely to be waiting on something.

List of highest-grossing arcade video games[ | ]

See also: List of best-selling video games and Golden age of arcade video games

For arcade games, success was usually judged by either the number of arcade hardware units sold to operators, or the amount of revenue generated, from the number of coins (such as quarters or 100 yen coins) inserted into machines,[61] and/or the hardware sales (with arcade hardware prices often ranging from $1000 to $4000). This list only includes arcade games that have either sold more than 500 hardware units or generated a revenue of more than US$1 million. Most of the games in this list date back to the golden age of arcade video games, though many are also from before and after the golden age.

Game Release year Hardware units sold Gross revenue
(US$ without inflation) 		Gross revenue
(US$ with 2014 inflation)[44]
Space Invaders 1978 500,000 (up to 1990)[62] $3.702 billion (up to 1982)[n 1] $13.4 billion
Pac-Man 1980 400,000 (up to 1982)[65] $4.09 billion (up to 1990s)[n 2] $11.7 billion
Street Fighter II 1991 200,000 (up to 1992)
(The World Warrior: 60,000
Champion Edition: 140,000)[n 3] 		$4.245 billion (up to 1994)[n 5] $7.38 billion
Donkey Kong 1981 152,000 (up to 1982)[n 6] $1.496 billion (up to 1982)[75] $3.89 billion
Galaxian 1979 40,000 (in the US up to 1982)[76][77]
Donkey Kong Jr. 1982 30,000 (in the US up to 1982)[n 6]
Mr. Do! 1982 30,000 (in the US up to 1982)[78]
Popeye 1982 20,000 (in the US up to 1982)[74]
Jungle Hunt 1982 18,000 (in the US up to 1983)[79]
Mahjong Fight Club 3 2004 13,000 (up to 2004)[80]
Scramble 1981 10,000 (in the US up to 1981)[81]
The House of the Dead 2 1998 9,000 (up to 1999) [40]
Gun Fight 1975 8,000[82] (in the US up to 1976)[83][84]
SEGA Network Mahjong MJ3 2005 7,608 (up to 2006)[85]
Hang-On 1985 7,500 (up to 1985)[86]
Dinosaur King 2005 7,000 (up to 2006)[87]
Speed Race / Wheels 1974 7,000[88] (in the US up to 1976)[84]
Baby Pac-Man 1982 7,000 (up to 1983)[89]
SEGA Network Mahjong MJ2 2003 5,486 (up to 2005)[n 7]
Donkey Kong 3 1983 5,000 (in the US up to 1982)[n 6]
Mario Bros. 1983 3,800 (in the US up to 1983)[92]
Dissidia Final Fantasy 2015 3,000 (2015-2016)[93]
Initial D Arcade Stage 2001 2,534 (up to 2004)[94]
World Club Champion Football 2002 2,479 (2006-2009)[n 9] $2.507 billion (up to 2013)[n 11] $3.3 billion
Street Fighter II': Champion Edition 1992 140,000 (in Japan as of 1992)[71] $1.882 billion (in 1990s)[n 5] $3.17 billion
Street Fighter II: The World Warrior 1991 60,000+[72] (up to 1992) $1.563 billion (up to 1992)[n 4] $2.72 billion
Pole Position 1982 21,000 (in the US up to 1983)[92] $579.6 million (in the US up to 1983)[n 13] $1.42 billion (US)
Ms. Pac-Man 1981 125,000 (up to 1987)[107][108] $350 million[n 14]
(US hardware sales) 		$911 million
(US hardware sales)
Asteroids 1979 100,000 (up to 1991)[108][110] $800 million (up to 1991)[111][112] $1.39 billion
Defender 1981 60,000 (up to 2002)[113][114] $1 billion (up to 2002)[115][116] $1.32 billion
NBA Jam 1993 20,000 (up to 2010) $1 billion (up to 2010)[117] $1.09 billion
OutRun 1986 30,000 (up to 1993)[118] $393.06 million (up to 1993)[119]
(hardware sales) 		$849 million
(hardware sales)
Mushiking: King of the Beetles 2003 13,500 (up to 2005)[120] $631.0232 million (up to 2007)[n 15] $812 million
Mortal Kombat 1992 24,000 (up to 2002)[40] $570 million (up to 2002)[40] $750 million
Dance Dance Revolution 1998 20,000+ (up to 2003)[n 16] $516 million+ (up to 2005)
(hardware sales)[126] 		$749 million
(hardware sales)
Sangokushi Taisen 2005 1,942 (up to 2006)[n 17] $399.3404 million (up to 2006)[127] $484 million
Beatmania 1997 25,000 (up to 2000)[123] $310 million (up to 2000)
(Japan hardware sales)[n 18] 		$457 million
(Japan hardware sales)
Oshare Majo: Love and Berry 2004 10,300 (up to 2006)[129][130] $317 million (up to 2005)[n 19] $397 million
Dragon Quest: Monster Battle Road 2007 3,500 (up to 2007)[131] $327.2 million (up to 2008)[n 20] $373 million
Pump It Up 1999 20,000 (up to 2005)[124] $222 million (up to 2005)[124][134] $315 million
Centipede 1981 55,988 (up to 1991)[135] $115.65 million (up to 1991)[135] $201 million
Dragon's Lair 1983 16,000 (up to 1983)[136][137] $68.8 million (up to 1983)[n 21] $163 million
Tempest 1981 29,000 (up to 1983)[92] $62.408 million (up to 1983)[135] $162 million
StarHorse3 Season I: A New Legend Begins 2011 $152.4 million (up to 2013)[n 22] $160 million
Mortal Kombat II 1993 27,000 (up to 2002)[40] $100 million (up to 1994)[140] $160 million
Border Break 2009 2,998 (up to 2009)[97] $141 million (up to 2013)[n 23] $156 million
Sangokushi Taisen 2010 $121.44 million (up to 2013)[n 24] $132 million
Dig Dug 1982 22,228[135] (in the US up to 1983)[79] $46.3 million (up to 1983)[135]
(US hardware sales) 		$114 million
(US hardware sales)
Shining Force Cross 2009 2,389 (up to 2009)[97]
Pengo 1982 2,000 (in the US up to 1983)[79]
The House of the Dead 4 2005 1,008 (up to 2005)[142]
TRON 1982 800 (in the US up to 1982)[143] $45 million (up to 1983)[144] $107 million
StarHorse2 2005 38,614 (up to 2009)[n 25] $59.321 million (up to 2011)
(Fifth Expansion)[n 26] 		$71.9 million
Q*bert 1982 25,000 (up to 2001)[148]
Robotron: 2084 1982 23,000 (up to 1983)[92]
Asteroids Deluxe 1981 22,399 (up to 1999)[149] $46.1 million (up to 1999)[149] $65.5 million
Samba de Amigo 1999 3,000 (up to 2000)[150] $47.11 million (up to 2000)[n 27] $64.7 million
Missile Command 1980 19,999 (up to 2010)[151] $36.8 million (up to 1991)[149] $63.9 million
Sangokushi Taisen 3 2007 $54.4 million (up to 2011)[n 28] $62.1 million
Pong 1972 8,500-19,000[152][153] $11 million (up to 1973)[154] $58.6 million
Paddle Battle 1973 17,000 (up to 1997)[84] $13.51 million (up to 1976)[155] $56.2 million
Lord of Vermilion 2008 $50.443 million (up to 2008)[n 29] $55.4 million
SEGA Network Mahjong MJ4 2008 12,892 (up to 2009)[n 30] $47 million (up to 2010)[n 31] $51.7 million
Kangaroo 1982 9,803[135] (up to 1983)[79] $20.58 million (up to 1983)
(US hardware sales)[135] 		$50.5 million
(US hardware sales)
Battlezone 1980 15,122 (up to 1999)[149] $31.2 million (up to 1999)[149] $44.3 million
Stargate 1983 15,000 (up to 1983)[92]
Space Duel 1982 12,038 (up to 1991)[135]
Hard Drivin' 1989 3,318 (up to 1991)[135] $22.9 million (up to 1991)[135] $39.8 million
Gauntlet 1985 7,848 (up to 1991)[135] $18.01 million (up to 1991)[135] $31.3 million
Zoo Keeper 1982 3,000 (in the US up to 1983)[79]
Virtua Fighter 5 2006 696 (up to 2007)[145] 31.32 million (up to 2007)[156] $36.8 million
SEGA Network Mahjong MJ5 2011 $34.87 million (up to 2012)[n 32] $36.7 million
Millipede 1982 9,990 (up to 1991)[135] $20.669 million (up to 1991)[135] $35.9 million
Race Drivin' 1990 3,525 (up to 1991)[135] $20.03 million (up to 1991)[135] $34.8 million
Time Traveler 1991 $18 million (up to 1991)[138] $31.3 million
Space Ace 1984 $13 million (up to 1984)[138] $29.6 million
Code of Joker 2013 $27 million (up to 2013)[157] $27.4 million
Xevious 1982 5,295 (in the US up to 1983)[135] $11.1 million (up to 1983)[135]
(US hardware sales) 		$27.2 million
(US hardware sales)
Atari Football 1978 11,306 (up to 1999)[149] $17.266 million (up to 1999)[149] $24.5 million
Winner 1973 7,000 (up to 1976)[84] $5.56 million (up to 1976)[158] $23.1 million
Final Lap 1987 1,150 (in the US up to 1988)[135] $9.5 million (up to 1988)[135]
(US hardware sales) 		$19.8 million
(US hardware sales)
Initial D Arcade Stage 4 2007 3,904 (up to 2007)[n 33] $17 million (up to 2007)[159] $19.4 million
Pole Position II 1983 2,400 (in the US up to 1983)[135] $7.43 million (up to 1983)[135]
(US hardware sales) 		$17.7 million
(US hardware sales)
Star Wars 1983 12,695 (up to 1991)[135] $7.595 million (up to 1991)[135] $13.2 million
Sprint 2 1976 8,200 (up to 1999)[149] $12.669 million (up to 1999)[149] $18 million
Guitar Hero Arcade 2009 2,000 (up to 2009)[160] 16.058 million (up to 2009) [41][42] $17.7 million
Paperboy 1985 3,442 (up to 1991)[135] $8.6 million (up to 1991)[135] $14.9 million
Breakout 1976 11,000 (up to 1999)[149] $12.045 million (up to 1999)[149] $17.1 million
Championship Sprint 1986 3,595 (up to 1991)[135] $8.26 million (up to 1991)[135] $14.4 million
Maimai 2012 $13.4 million (up to 2013)[161] $13.8 million
Sea Wolf 1976 10,000 (up to 2000)[162]
Big Buck Hunter Pro 2006 10,000 (up to 2009)[163][164]
Snake Pit 1983 9,000 (up to 1983)[165]
Amigyo 2006 640 (up to 2007)[145] $10 million (up to 2007)[166] $11.7 million
Lunar Lander 1979 4,830 (up to 1999)[149] $8.19 million (up to 1999)[149] $11.6 million
Super Sprint 1986 2,232 (up to 1999)[149] $7.8 million (up to 1999)[149] $11.1 million
Marble Madness 1984 4,000 (up to 1985)[167] $6.3 million (up to 1991)[135] $10.9 million
Rolling Thunder 1986 2,406 (in the US up to 1987)[135] $4.8 million (up to 1987)[135]
(US hardware sales) 		$10.4 million
(US hardware sales)
Tetris 1989 5,771 (in the US up to 1991)[135] $5.2 million (up to 1991)[135]
(US hardware sales) 		$9.03 million
(US hardware sales)
Big Buck Safari 2008 5,500 (up to 2009)[163]
Bagman 1983 5,000 (in the US up to 1983)[79]
Arabian 1983 1,950 (in the US up to 1983)[79] $3.9 million (up to 1983)[135]
(US hardware sales) 		$9.27 million
(US hardware sales)
Terminator Salvation 2010 1,000 (up to 2010)[168] $8 million (up to 2010)[168] $8.68 million
Sangokushi Taisen 2 2006 4,041 (up to 2007)[n 34] $7 million (up to 2007)[n 35] $8.22 million
Sea Wolf II 1978 4,000 (up to 2000)[169]
Blasteroids 1987 2,000 (up to 1991)[135] $4.69 million (up to 1991)[135] $8.15 million
Super Breakout 1978 4,805 (up to 1999)[149] $5.7 million (up to 1999)[149] $8.1 million
The Pit 1982 1,806 (up to 1982)[170] $3.07 million (up to 1982)[170] $7.53 million
Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom 1985 2,825 (up to 1991)[135] $3.2 million (up to 1991)[135] $5.56 million
Pac-Mania 1987 1,412 (in the US up to 1987)[135] $2.82 million (up to 1987)[135]
(US hardware sales) 		$5.87 million
(US hardware sales)
Radar Scope 1980 1,000 (in the US up to 1980)[171]
Bega's Battle 1983 700 (in the US up to 1983) [43]
Four Trax 1989 205 (in the US & EU as of 1989)[135] $2.9 million (up to 1989)[135]
(US & EU hardware sales) 		$5.54 million
(US & EU hardware sales)
Assault 1988 1,079 (in the US up to 1988)[135] $2.5 million (up to 1988)[135]
(US hardware sales) 		$5 million
(US hardware sales)
Gauntlet II 1986 3,520 (up to 1991)[135] $2.4 million (up to 1991)[135] $4.17 million
Drag Race 1977 1,900 (up to 1999)[149] $2.8 million (up to 1999)[149] $3.98 million
Round-Up 1981 860 (up to 1982)[170] $1.46 million (up to 1982)[170] $3.58 million
Night Driver 1976 2,100 (up to 1999)[149] $2.4675 million (up to 1999)[149] $3.51 million
Dunk Shot 1986 556 (in the US up to 1987)[135] $1.4 million (up to 1987)[135]
(US hardware sales) 		$3.02 million
(US hardware sales)
Star Wars: Return of the Jedi 1984 800 (up to 1991)[135] $1.68 million (up to 1991)[135] $2.92 million
Swimmer 1982 670 (up to 1982)[170] $1.15 million (up to 1982)[170] $2.82 million
R.B.I. Baseball 1987 3,945 (in the US up to 1991)[135] $1.6 million (up to 1991)[135]
(US hardware sales) 		$2.78 million
(US hardware sales)
Big Buck Hunter Pro: Open Season 2009 3,000 (up to 2010)[172]
Silver Strike Live 2010 3,000 (up to 2010)[173]
H2Overdrive 2009 2,000 (up to 2010)[174]
Computer Space 1971 1,500 (up to 1984)[175][176]
Basketball / TV Basketball 1974 1,400 (in the US up to 1975) [44]
Death Race 1976 1,000 (up to 1976)[83]
I, Robot 1984 750-1,000[135][177] $1.5 million (up to 1991)[135] $2.61 million
Dragon Spirit 1987 600 (in the US up to 1987)[135] $1.2 million (up to 1987)[135]
(US hardware sales) 		$2.5 million
(US hardware sales)
Triple Hunt 1977 865 (up to 1999)[149] $1.2 million (up to 1999)[149] $1.7 million

Best-selling arcade video game franchises[ | ]

See also: List of best-selling video game franchises

These are the combined hardware sales of at least two or more arcade games that are part of the same franchise. This list only includes franchises that have sold at least 5,000 hardware units or grossed at least $10 million revenues.

Franchise Original release year Total hardware units sold Gross revenue
(US$ without inflation) 		Gross revenue
(US$ with 2014 inflation)[44]
Japan Pac-Man 1980 533,412 (up to 1988)[n 36] $4.443 billion (up to 1990s)[n 37] $12.8 billion
Japan Space Invaders 1978 500,000 (up to 1990)[62] $3.702 billion (up to 1982)[n 1] $13.4 billion
Japan Street Fighter 1987 500,000 (up to 2002)[178][179] $3.582 billion (up to 1994)
(Street Fighter II)[n 5] 		$7.46 billion
(Street Fighter II)
Japan Pac-Man Clones 1980 300,000 (up to 2002)[180]
Japan SEGA Model 1992 200,000 (up to 2000)
(Model 2 & 3)[181] 		$3.5 billion (up to 2000)
(Model 2 & 3 hardware sales)[182] 		$5.9 billion
(Model 2 & 3 hardware sales)
Japan Mario 1981 190,800 (up to 1983)[n 38] $1.496 billion (up to 1982)
(US hardware sales)[75] 		$3.89 billion
(US hardware sales)
Japan Donkey Kong 1981 187,000 (up to 1983)[n 6] $1.496 billion (up to 1982)
(hardware sales)[75] 		$3.89 billion
(hardware sales)
Japan World Club Champion Football 2002 2,479 (2006-2009)[n 9] $2.507 billion (up to 2013)[n 11] $3.3 billion
United States Asteroids 1979 136,437 (up to 1999)[n 39] $850.79 million (up to 1999)[n 40] $1.14 billion
Japan SEGA Model 2 1993 130,000 (up to 1996)[183] $1.95 billion (up to 1996)
(hardware sales)[183] 		$3.19 billion
United States Golden Tee Golf 1989 100,000 (up to 2011)[184]
United States Defender 1981 75,000 (up to 2002)[n 41] $1 billion (up to 2002)[115] $1.32 billion
United States Centipede 1981 65,978 (up to 1991)[n 42] $136.3 million (up to 1991)[n 43] $237 million
United States Mortal Kombat 1992 51,000 (up to 2002)[40] $1 billion (up to 1995)[185] $1.55 billion
Japan Bemani 1997 50,000+ (up to 2003)[n 44] $709.32 million+ (as of 2003)[n 45] $1.05 billion
Japan Galaxian 1979 40,986 (in the US up to 1988)[n 46]
Japan Starhorse 2000 38,734 (up to 2009)[n 47] $212 million (up to 2012)[n 48] $291 million
Japan Dragon Quest: Monster Battle Road 2007 $327.2 million (up to 2008)[n 20] $373 million
Japan Lord of Vermilion 2008 $50.443 million (up to 2008)[n 29] $55.4 million
United States Big Buck 2000 33,500 (up to 2010)[n 49]
Japan e-Amusement 2002 32,000 (up to 2004)[186] $1.232 billion (up to 2012)[n 50] $1.62 billion
Japan Mr. Do! 1982 30,000 (in the US up to 1982)[78]
Japan OutRun 1986 30,000 (up to 1993)[118] $393.06 million (up to 1993)[119]
(hardware sales) 		$849 million
(hardware sales)
Japan SEGA Network Mahjong 2000 25,986 (up to 2006)[n 51] $81.87 million (up to 2012)[n 52] $112 million
Japan Pole Position 1982 24,550 (in the US up to 1983)[n 53] $597 million (up to 1988)
(US hardware sales)[n 54] 		$1.46 billion
Japan Dig Dug 1982 22,228[135] (in the US up to 1983)[79] $46.3 million (up to 1983)[135]
(US hardware sales) 		$114 million
(US hardware sales)
Pump It Up 1999 20,000 (up to 2005)[124] $222 million (up to 2005)[124][134] $315 million
Japan Mushiking 2003 13,500 (up to 2005)[120] $631.0232 million (up to 2006)[n 15] $812 million
Japan Love and Berry 2004 10,300 (up to 2006)[129] $317 million (up to 2005)[n 19] $397 million
Japan Sangokushi Taisen 2005 9,929 (up to 2008)[n 55] $582.2 million (up to 2011)[n 56] $705 million
United States Pong 1972 8500-19,000[152][153] $11 million (up to 1973)[154] $58.6 million
United States Breakout 1976 15,805 (up to 1999)[149] $17.745 million (up to 1999)[149] $25.2 million
United States Star Wars 1983 14,039 (up to 1991)[135] $9.275 million (up to 1999)[135] $13.2 million
United States Sprint 1976 14,027 (up to 1999)[149] $28.729 million (up to 1999)[149] $40.8 million
United States Sea Wolf 1976 14,000 (up to 2000)[162]
Japan Mahjong Fight Club 2002 13,000 (up to 2004)[80]
United States Gauntlet 1985 11,368 (up to 1991)[135] $20.41 million (up to 1991)[135] $35.5 million
Hang-On 1985 7,500 (up to 1985)[86]
Japan Initial D Arcade Stage 2001 7,111 (2004-2007)[n 57] $19.3 million (2004-2007)[n 58] $25.8 million
Japan Dinosaur King 2005 7,000 (up to 2006)[87]
United States Hard Drivin' 1989 6,843 (up to 1991)[135] $42.93 million (up to 1991)[135] $74.6 million
Japan Xevious 1982 5,295 (in the US up to 1983)[135]
Japan Samba de Amigo 1999 3,000 (up to 2000)[150] $47.11 million (up to 2000)[n 27] $66.9 million
Japan Border Break 2009 2,998 (up to 2009)[97] $141 million (up to 2013)[n 23] $156 million

Evolution of arcade video game hardware[ | ]

Main article: Arcade system board
See also: Instructions per second, Graphics processing unit, List of home computers by video hardware, Hardware sprites, Two-dimensional, and Three-dimensional

Throughout the late 20th century, arcade video game hardware was most often considerably more powerful than contemporary consoles and home computers of their time. In the early 2000s, however, this no longer remained the case, as powerful graphics boards previously limited to arcade systems became widely available for the PC platform, which eventually overtook arcade systems as the platform of choice for the most powerful graphics cards.

See also[ | ]

Footnotes[ | ]

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Space Invaders revenues:
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Pac-Man revenue:
    • Cabinet sales: $1.14 billion by 1982
      • $1 billion cabinet sales by 1981.[66]
        • $200 million cabinet sales in 1981, therefore $800 million cabinet sales in 1980.
      • 350,000 cabinets sold for $2800 each by 1981. [1] Out of total 400,000 sales by 1982,[65] remaining 50,000 for $2800 means $140 million additional revenue in cabinet sales in 1982.
    • Coin revenues: estimated 10 billion coins (quarters and 100-yen coins) in coin revenues by 1990's[67][68] = $2.95 billion
      • Estimated 7 billion coins by 1981:[65] $2.2 billion
      • Remaining 3 billion coins (1982 onwards) = $750 million in quarters
  3. ↑ Street Fighter II:
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Street Fighter II revenue:
    • 1992-1993: $3.126 billion
      • Based on Street Fighter II generating £260 million in 1992 in the UK alone,[n 12] and the annual revenues in the larger Japan and US markets being larger. Generating at least £260 million annually in each of these three markets (the UK, US, and Japan) works out to at least £780 million ($1.563 billion) in 1992.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Street Fighter II revenue:
    • The World Warrior in 1992: $1.563 billion[n 4]
    • Champion Edition: $1.882 billion
      • Japan hardware sales: $257 million in 1992[71]
      • Coin revenue in quarters: $1.625 billion[73]
    • Later versions in 1994: $800 million
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 Donkey Kong cabinet sales:
    • Japan: 65,000 of Donkey Kong
    • United States: 87,000 of Donkey Kong and Crazy Kong
      • United States: 67,000 of Donkey Kong
        • Bienaime, Pierre (13 January 2012). Square Roots: Donkey Kong (NES). Nintendojo. Retrieved on 8 April 2012 “Donkey Kong sold some 67,000 arcade cabinets in two years, making two of its American distributors sudden millionaires thanks to paid commission. As a barometer of success, know that Pac-Man and Ms. Pac-Man are the only arcade games to have sold over 100,000 units in the United States.”
      • United States: 20,000 of Crazy Kong (licensed release of Donkey Kong)
    • United States: 30,000 of Donkey Kong Jr. and 5000 of Donkey Kong 3.[74]
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 SEGA Network Mahjong MJ2:
    • April 2004 to March 2005: 4,984[90]
    • April 2005 to June 2005: 502[91]
  8. ↑ World Club Champion Football: Intercontinental Clubs
    • World Club Champion Football: Intercontinental Clubs 2006-2007 - 831 units from June 2008 to March 2009[96]
    • World Club Champion Football: Intercontinental Clubs 2008-2009 - 858 units from April 2009 to December 2009[97]
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 World Club Champion Football, unit sales:
    • World Club Champion Football: European Clubs 2004-2005 - 514 units in fiscal year ending March 2006[85]
    • World Club Champion Football: European Clubs 2004-2005 Ver. 2 - 276 units during April?September 2006 (240 satellite units during April?June 2006,[95] and 36 body units during April?September 2006)[87]
    • World Club Champion Football: Intercontinental Clubs 2008-2009 - 1,689 units from June 2008 to December 2009[n 8]
  10. ↑ World Club Champion Football: Intercontinental Clubs
    • Fiscal year ended 31 March 2010: ¥4.2 billion[100]
    • Fiscal year ended 31 March 2011: ¥3.8 billion[101]
    • Fiscal year ended 31 March 2012: ¥3.6 billion[102][103]
    • Fiscal year ended 31 March 2013: ¥3.2 billion
    • April–December 2013: ¥2.1 billion
    • Currency conversion: [2] $224 million
      • ¥4.2 billion = $55.4312 million
      • ¥3.8 billion = $50.2 million
      • ¥3.6 billion = $48 million
      • ¥3.2 billion = $42.2333 million
      • ¥2.1 billion = $28 million
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 World Club Champion Football revenue:
    • Card revenues up until January 2009 - $1.901 billion
      • 480 million player cards sold as of January 2009, costing around ¥300 each.[98][99] This brings the total card revenue up to ¥144 billion, equivalent to $1.901 billion.
    • Unit sales revenues from April 2005 to December 2009 - $307.4 million
      • World Club Champion Football: European Clubs 2004-2005 at £90,000 ($189,000) [3] each - $149.4 million
        • 514 units from April 2005 to March 2006: $97.2 million
        • 276 units during April?September 2006: $52.2 million
      • World Club Champion Football: Intercontinental Clubs 2006-2007 - 831 units from June 2008 to March 2009 at £90,000 ($189,000) [4] each = $158 million
    • World Club Champion Football: Intercontinental Clubs revenues from April 2009 to December 2013 - $224 million[n 10]
  12. ↑ In 1992, the game captured 60% of the UK coin-op market, with individual machines taking up to £1000 per week, for an estimated total of £260 million per year.[104]
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Pole Position revenue:
    • US hardware sales as of 1983: $88.2 million (21,000 units[92] at $4200[105] each)
    • US coin revenue as of 1984: $491.4 million (21,000 units[92] at $450 per week)[106]
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 125,000 units[107] at $2800 each[109]
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Mushiking: King of the Beetles, revenue
    • 420 million cards by December 2006.[121]
    • 478 million cards [5] at ¥100 each[122] [6] = ¥47.8 billion
    • Currency conversion: $631.023102 million [7]
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Dance Dance Revolution sales:
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 Sangokushi Taisen unit sales:
    • As of March 2005: 421[90]
    • April 2005 to March 2006: 1,521[85]
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 Beatmania revenue:
    • ¥1 billion in March 1998[125]
      • Yen-Dollar currency conversion: $12.4 million[128]
    • Based on $12.4 million revenue from 1,000 units sold in fiscal year ending March 1998,[125] assuming price of $12,400
      • 25,000 arcade machines at $12,400 each = $310 million
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 Love and Berry:
    • 240 million[121] 100 yen coins[122] = ¥24 billion
    • Currency conversion: $317 million [9]
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 Dragon Quest: Monster Battle Road
    • ¥4.5 billion from June 2007 to March 2008[132]
      • Currency conversion: $56.731 million[128]
    • ¥1.7 billion from April 2008 to September 2008[133]
      • Currency conversion: $21.4317 million[128]
    • 2 million cards at $1.24 = $249 million
  21. ↑ Dragon's Lair revenues:
    • Hardware sales: $68.8 million in 1983.[136][138]
    • Coin revenues: Up to $1400 weekly (2,800 50-cent sessions) per machine at its peak in October 1983.[10]
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 StarHorse3 Season I: A New Legend Begins
    • Three quarters ended December 2011: ¥3.3 billion [11]
    • Fiscal year ended March 2012: ¥10.1 billion[102] (additional ¥6.8 billion)
    • Fiscal year ended March 2013: ¥1.7 billion [12] [139]
    • Currency conversion:
      • ¥3.3 billion in 2011 = $43 million in 2011 [13]
      • ¥6.8 billion in 2012 = $87.2 million in 2012 [14]
      • ¥1.7 billion in 2013 = $22.2 million in 2013 [15]
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 Border Break:
    • Fiscal year ended 31 March 2010: ¥3.3 billion[100]
    • Fiscal year ended 31 March 2011: ¥2.5 billion[101]
    • Fiscal year ended 31 March 2012: ¥2.3 billion[102][141]
    • Fiscal year ended 31 March 2013: ¥2 billion
    • April–December 2013: ¥1.2 billion
    • Currency conversion:[128]
      • ¥3.3 billion = $40.7317 million
      • ¥2.5 billion = $30.8542 million
      • ¥2.3 billion = $28.6371 million
      • ¥2 billion = $24.902 million
      • ¥1.2 billion = $14.9411 million
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 Sengoku Taisen:
    • Fiscal year ended 31 March 2011: ¥6.4 billion[101]
    • Fiscal year ended 31 March 2012: ¥1.2 billion[102]
    • Fiscal year ended 31 March 2013: ¥2.2 billion
    Currency conversion:[128]
    • ¥6.4 billion = $79.1 million
    • ¥1.2 billion = $14.94 million
    • ¥2.2 billion = $27.4 million
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 StarHorse2:
    • From April 2005 to March 2007: 18,079 units
      • StarHorse2: New Generation ? 7,819 units from April 2005 to June 2006 (6,020 units in fiscal year ended March 2006,[85] and 1,799 units during April?June 2006)[87]
      • StarHorse2: Second Fusion - 10,260 units from April 2006 to March 2007 (8,105 conversion kits during April?December 2006,[129] and 2,155 body and satellite units in fiscal year ending March 2007)[145]
    • From April 2007 to March 2008: 10,275 units (756 body and satellite units of StarHorse2: Second Fusion during April?September 2007,[146] and 9,519 conversion kits in fiscal year ended March 2008)[147]
    • From April 2009 to December 2009: 10,657 units of StarHorse2: Fifth Expansion[97]
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 StarHorse2: Fifth Expansion:
    • Fiscal year ended 31 March 2010: ¥2.8 billion[100]
    • Fiscal year ended 31 March 2011: ¥2 billion[101]
    • Currency conversion:[128]
      • ¥2.8 billion = $34.6039 million
      • ¥2 billion = $24.7171 million
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 Samba de Amigo: ¥3.84 billion
    • Currency conversion: $47.11 million[128]
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 Sangokushi Taisen 3:
    • Fiscal year ended 31 March 2010: ¥1.8 billion[100]
    • Fiscal year ended 31 March 2011: ¥2.6 billion[101]
    • Currency conversion:[128]
      • ¥1.8 billion = $22.2401 million
      • ¥2.6 billion = $32.1248 million
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 Lord of Vermilion: ¥4 billion[133]
    • Currency conversion: $50.443 million[128]
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 SEGA Network Mahjong MJ4:
    • Fiscal year ended March 2008: 10,427[147]
    • Fiscal year ended March 2009: 2,465[96]
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 Fiscal year ended 31 March 2010: ¥3.8 billion[100]
    • Currency conversion: $47 million[128]
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 Fiscal year ended March 2012: ¥2.8 billion[102]
    • Currency conversion: $34.87 million[128]
  33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 Initial D Arcade Stage 4:
    • 3,056 units in fiscal year ending March 2007.[145]
    • 848 units during April?September 2007.[146]
  34. ↑ Sangokushi Taisen 2:
    • 3,211 units during April?September 2006.[87]
    • 830 units during April?September 2007.[146]
  35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 Sangokushi Taisen 2 revenue:
    • Cards: 69,821 cartons[145] at ¥7000 each [16] = ¥500 million = $7 million [17]
  36. ↑ Pac-Man series:
  37. ↑ Pac-Man series:
  38. ↑ Mario series:
  39. ↑ Asteroids series:
  40. ↑ Asteroids series:
  41. ↑ Defender series:
  42. ↑ Centipede series:[135][92]
  43. ↑ Centipede series:[135]
  44. ↑ Bemani series, sales:
  45. ↑ Bemani series, gross revenues:
  46. ↑ Galaxian series:
  47. ↑ StarHorse series:
    • Starhorse Progress - 120 in fiscal year ended March 2005[90]
    • StarHorse2 - 38,614 up to 2009[n 25]
  48. ↑ Starhorse series, 2009-2011:
    • Starhorse2 - $59.321 million[n 26]
    • StarHorse3 Season I: A New Legend Begins - $152.4 million[n 22]
  49. ↑ Big Buck series:
    • Big Buck Hunter series sales up until April 2007: 22,500 units, including 7,500 Big Buck Hunter Pro units.[164]
    • Series sales after April 2007 until September 2009: additional 2,500 Big Buck Hunter Pro units and 5,500 Big Buck Safari units.[163]
    • Big Buck Hunter Pro: Open Season sales from September 2009 to January 2010: 3,000 units[172]
  50. ↑ e-Amusement revenue:
    • April 2009 to March 2010: ¥39 billion[187]
    • April 2010 to March 2011: ¥28.3 billion[187]
    • April 2011 to March 2012: ¥25.5 billion[188]
    • April 2012 to June 2012: ¥3.8 billion[189]
    • Currency conversion:[128]
      • ¥39 billion = $497.5124 million in 2010
      • ¥28.3 billion = $361.0154 million in 2011
      • ¥25.5 billion = $325.2966 million in 2012
      • ¥3.8 billion = $48.4756 million in 2012
  51. ↑ SEGA Network Mahjong MJ series:
    • SEGA Network Mahjong MJ2 from April 2004 to June 2005: 5,486 units[n 7]
    • SEGA Network Mahjong MJ3 from April 2005 to March 2006: 7,608 units[85]
    • SEGA Network Mahjong MJ4 from April 2007 to March 2009: 12,892[n 30]
  52. ↑ SEGA Network Mahjong MJ series, 2009-2012:
    • SEGA Network Mahjong MJ4: $47 million in fiscal year 2010[n 31]
    • SEGA Network Mahjong MJ5: $34.87 million in fiscal year 2012[n 32]
  53. ↑ Pole Position series US sales:
  54. ↑ Pole Position series US sales:[135][92]
  55. ↑ Sangokushi Taisen series:
    • Sales from January 2005 to September 2006: 5,153 units
      • Sangokushi Taisen from January 2005 to March 2006: 1,942 units[n 17]
      • Sangokushi Taisen 2 during April-September 2006: 3,211 units[87]
    • Sales from April 2007 to March 2008: 4,776
      • 166 body units of Sangokushi Taisen 2 during April-September 2007[146]
      • 4,610 satellite units of Sangokushi Taisen from April 2007 to March 2008[147]
  56. ↑ Sangokushi Taisen series revenue:
    • Sangokushi Taisen, 2005-2006: $399.3404 million[127]
    • Sangokushi Taisen 2, 2006-2007: $7 million[n 35]
    • Sangokushi Taisen series, 2009-2013: $175.84 million
      • Sangokushi Taisen 3: $54.4 million[n 28]
      • Sengoku Taisen: $121.44 million[n 24]
  57. ↑ Initial D series:
    • Initial D Arcade Stage: 2,534 units from April 2004 to September 2004[94]
    • Initial D Arcade Stage Ver. 3: 673 units from April 2004 to March 2005[90]
    • Initial D Arcade Stage 4: 3,904 units from April 2006 to September 2007[n 33]
  58. ↑ Initial D series revenue:
    • Initial D Arcade Stage Ver. 3: 673 units[90] at $3390 [18] each = $2.3 million
    • Initial D Arcade Stage 4: $17 million[159]

References[ | ]

  1. ↑ Vintage Coin Operated Fortune Tellers, Arcade Games, Digger/Cranes, Gun Games and other Penny Arcade games, pre-1977 from Marvin's Marvelous Mechanical Museum
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 D.S. Cohen. Killer Shark: The Undersea Horror Arcade Game from Jaws. About.com. http://classicgames.about.com/od/arcadegames/p/KillerShark.htm. Retrieved 2011-05-03. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 Kasco and the Electro-Mechanical Golden Age (Interview), Classic Videogame Station ODYSSEY, 2001
  4. ↑ Tweet, Onion Software
  5. ↑ Elemecha, Namco
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Steven L. Kent (2000), The First Quarter: A 25-Year History of Video Games, p. 83, BWD Press, ISBN 0-9704755-0-0
  7. ↑ Brian Ashcraft (2008) Arcade Mania! The Turbo Charged World of Japan's Game Centers, p. 133, Kodansha International
  8. ↑ Steve L. Kent (2001), The ultimate history of video games: from Pong to Pokémon and beyond: the story behind the craze that touched our lives and changed the world, p. 102, Prima, ISBN 0-7615-3643-4
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Mark J. P. Wolf (2008), The video game explosion: a history from PONG to PlayStation and beyond, p. 149, ABC-CLIO, ISBN 0-313-33868-X
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 https://archive.org/stream/NextGeneration24Dec1996/Next_Generation_24_Dec_1996#page/n10/mode/1up
  11. ↑ http://www.pinrepair.com/arcade/sperisc.htm
  12. ↑ Crown Soccer Special at Museum of the Game
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 Once Upon a Time on the Screen: Wild West in Computer and Video Games, Academia.edu
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 1969 SEGA Duck Hunt (Arcade Flyer). pinrepair.com. Retrieved on 2011-05-03
  15. ↑ Duck Hunt (1969) at Museum of the Game
  16. ↑ Grand Prix at Museum of the Game
  17. ↑ Bill Loguidice & Matt Barton (2009), Vintage games: an insider look at the history of Grand Theft Auto, Super Mario, and the most influential games of all time, p. 198, Focal Press, ISBN 0-240-81146-1
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 Missile at Museum of the Game
  19. ↑ S.A.M.I. at Museum of the Game
  20. ↑ Jet Rocket at Museum of the Game
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 Carl Therrien, Inspecting Video Game Historiography Through Critical Lens: Etymology of the First-Person Shooter Genre, Game Studies: The International Journal of Computer Game Research, Volume 15, issue 2, December 2015, ISSN 1604-7982
  22. ↑ Wild Gunman (1974) at Museum of the Game
  23. ↑ https://www.arcade-history.com/?n=gun-smoke&page=detail&id=14552
  24. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=tLWlCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA179
  25. ↑ F-1 at Museum of the Game
  26. ↑ This links to a channel or video on YouTube Mall Arcade (Dawn Of The Dead)
  27. ↑ Brian Ashcraft (2008) Arcade Mania! The Turbo Charged World of Japan's Game Centers, p. 134, Kodansha International
  28. ↑ Brian Ashcraft (2008) Arcade Mania! The Turbo Charged World of Japan's Game Centers, p. 136, Kodansha International
  29. ↑ Chris Kohler (2005), Power-up: how Japanese video games gave the world an extra life, BradyGames, p. 18, ISBN 0-7440-0424-1, http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=auMTAQAAIAAJ, retrieved 27 March 2011 
  30. ↑ "Can Lasers Save VIdeo Arcades?". The Philadelphia Inquirer. 3 February 1984. http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=PI&s_site=philly&p_multi=PI&p_theme=realcities&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EB29715971BCAA2&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM. Retrieved 13 March 2012. "Last year, arcade game revenues were approximately $5 billion, compared to $8 billion in 1981 and $7 billion in 1982." 
  31. ↑ Dave and Buster's About Page. Retrieved on 20 September 2007
  32. ↑ Johnson, Tracy (3 April 1992). "Are Arcades Archaic? Business down, owners add zip and zap to lure players". The Boston Globe: p. 89. http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/boston/access/61734163.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Apr+03%2C+1992&author=Tracy+Johnson%2C+Contributing+Reporter&pub=Boston+Globe+%28pre-1997+Fulltext%29&desc=Are+Arcades+Archaic%3F+Business+down%2C+owners+add+zip+and+zap+to+lure+players&pqatl=google. Retrieved 17 April 2012. 
  33. ↑ IGN Presents the History of SEGA: World War, IGN
  34. ↑ http://www.extentofthejam.com/pseudo/
  35. ↑ http://web.archive.org/web/20131113174154/http://www.1up.com/features/disappearance-suzuki-part-1?pager.offset=2
  36. ↑ http://web.archive.org/web/20131113173854/http://www.1up.com/features/disappearance-suzuki-part-1?pager.offset=1
  37. ↑ Shanna Compton (2004), Gamers: writers, artists & programmers on the pleasures of pixels, Soft Skull Press, p. 119, ISBN 1-932360-57-3, http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=-sCO-gODwy4C&pg=PA119 
  38. ↑ 38.0 38.1 38.2 Spencer, Spanner, The Tao of Beat-'em-ups (part 2), EuroGamer, 12 February 2008. Retrieved 8 March 2009
  39. ↑ http://www.theverge.com/2013/1/16/3740422/the-life-and-death-of-the-american-arcade-for-amusement-only
  40. ↑ 40.0 40.1 40.2 40.3 40.4 40.5 Horwitz, Jeremy (8 July 2002). "Technology: Mortal Apathy?". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2002/07/08/technology/08MIDW.html. Retrieved 4 March 2012. 
  41. ↑ Virtua Racing – Arcade (1992). 15 Most Influential Games of All Time. GameSpot (14 March 2001). Retrieved on 19 January 2014
  42. ↑ Virtua Cop, IGN, 7 July 2004. Retrieved 7 February 2009
  43. ↑ 43.0 43.1 43.2 "Business Week". Bloomberg Businessweek (Bloomberg) (3392–3405): 58. 1994. http://books.google.co.uk/books?ei=-DogT8i_I4TsOenhsbAO&id=kAseAQAAMAAJ. Retrieved 25 January 2012. "Hollywood's aim, of course, is to tap into the $7 billion that Americans pour into arcade games each year – and the $6 billion they spend on home versions for Nintendo and SEGA game machines. Combined, it's a market nearly 2 ½ times the size of the $5 billion movie box office." 
  44. ↑ 44.0 44.1 44.2 CPI Inflation Calculator. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Retrieved on 22 February 2012
  45. ↑ Mark Stephen Pierce (Atari Games Corporation) (1998), 30, "Coin-Op: The Life (Arcade Videogames)", Digital illusion: entertaining the future with high technology (ACM Press): p. 444, ISBN 0-201-84780-9, http://wayback.archive.org/web/20110723224105/http://www.communication.illinois.edu/csandvig/classes/Pierce.pdf, retrieved 2 May 2011 
  46. ↑ "News: Virtua Fighter 3". Computer and Video Games (174): 10–1. May 1996. 
  47. ↑ Henry, Lydia (26 April 2001). "Skee-ball Mania". Reading Eagle: p. 36. http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=ZFsxAAAAIBAJ&sjid=0aIFAAAAIBAJ&pg=5114,5262090. Retrieved 13 March 2012. 
  48. ↑ "Video killed the arcade star". East Valley Tribune. 20 April 2006. http://www.eastvalleytribune.com/article_9b22d9ea-1810-5465-8bd9-a4e3204de569.html?mode=story. Retrieved 7 March 2012. 
  49. ↑ Mabry, Donald J.. Evolution of Online Games. Archived from the original on 9 February 2008 Retrieved on 21 September 2007
  50. ↑ Fuller, Brad. Awakening the Arcade. Retrieved on 21 September 2007
  51. ↑ Bullwinkles Family Fun Center. Archived from the original on 11 September 2007 Retrieved on 20 September 2007
  52. ↑ Gatti's Pizza: About Us. Retrieved on 20 September 2007
  53. ↑ Sambe, Yukiharu (NaN undefined NaN). "Japan’s Arcade Games and Their Technology". Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Entertainment Computing– ICEC 2009 5709: 338. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-04052-8_62. http://www.springerlink.com/content/tkv51714762l3645/. Retrieved 25 January 2012. 
  54. ↑ Carless, Simon (2 May 2005). Namco, Bandai To Merge. Gamasutra. Retrieved on 13 March 2012
  55. ↑ Market Data. Capcom (14 October 2011). Retrieved on 14 April 2012
  56. ↑ Chou, Yuntsai (Fall 2003). "G-commerce in East Asia: Evidence and Prospects". Journal of Interactive Advertising 4 (1). Archived from the original on 2013-01-19. http://web.archive.org/web/20130119102219/http://jiad.org/article43. Retrieved 31 January 2012. 
  57. ↑ Jou, Eric (19 March 2012). The Wonderful and Seedy World of Chinese Arcades. Kotaku. Retrieved on 9 April 2012
  58. ↑ Nigel K. Li Pope, Kerri-Ann L. Kuhn, John J.H. Forster, ed (2009). Digital sport for performance enhancement and competitive evolution : intelligent gaming technologies. Hershey, PA: Information Science Reference. p. 260. ISBN 1-60566-406-5. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=kags8xC1xzsC&pg=PA260. Retrieved 14 March 2012. 
  59. ↑ Ms. Pac-Man/Galaga — Class Of 1981. KLOV. Retrieved on 10 September 2006
  60. ↑ "Namco Networks' Pac-Man Franchise Surpasses 30 Million Paid Transactions in the United States on Brew". AllBusiness.com. 2010. http://www.allbusiness.com/technology/software-services-applications-internet/14737270-1.html. Retrieved 22 February 2012. 
  61. ↑ Mark J. P. Wolf (2008), The video game explosion: a history from PONG to Playstation and beyond, ABC-CLIO, p. 275, ISBN 0-313-33868-X, http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=XiM0ntMybNwC&pg=PA275, retrieved 10 April 2011, "What are the best-selling video games? There are a number of factors to consider when attempting to answer this question. First, there are several different types of video games, which makes comparisons difficult, or perhaps unfair. Arcade games are played for a quarter a play (although some are 50 cents, or even more), while home games are bought outright, and their systems must be purchased as well." 
  62. ↑ 62.0 62.1 Space Invaders arcade machine sales
    • Worldwide sales: 500,000 cabinets
    • Up until 1982: 350,000 cabinets in Japan and 65,000 cabinets in the United States
    • Jiji Gaho Sha, inc. (2003), Asia Pacific perspectives, Japan, 1, University of Virginia, p. 57, http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=CTRWAAAAYAAJ, retrieved 9 April 2011, "At that time, a game for use in entertainment arcades was considered a hit if it sold 1000 units; sales of Space Invaders topped 300,000 units in Japan and 60,000 units overseas." 
    • Dale Peterson (1983), Genesis II, creation and recreation with computers, Reston Publishing, p. 175, ISBN 0-8359-2434-3, http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=DL1YAAAAMAAJ, retrieved 1 May 2011, "By 1980, some 300,000 Space Invader video arcade games were in use in Japan, and an additional 60,000 in the United States." 
    • Kohler, Chris (2004). Power-Up: How Japanese Video Games Gave the World an Extra Life. Indianapolis, Ind.: BradyGames. p. "represented+a+significant+portion+of+the+cost" 19. ISBN 0-7440-0424-1. "Within one year of its US release, an additional 60,000 machines had been sold. One arcade owner said of Space Invaders that it was the first arcade game whose intake "represented a significant portion of the cost of [buying] the game in any one week." That is, it was the first video game that paid for itself within about a month." 
    • Kubey, Craig (April 1982). The winners' book of video games. pp. 63-4. http://www.digitpress.com/library/books/book_winners_book_of_video_games.pdf. "Space Invaders. It is the Muhammad Ali of the video game world. It is the Greatest. The biggest seller in the history of the world. The best game ever for the year it was introduced. The game that revitalized the industry and changed it forever. The game that made the industry the monster it is today. The game that not only was an unprecedented success as a coin-op machine, but also the game that launched a home video version that became the biggest seller of all time. Space Invaders drove an entire nation mad. You may think the last sentence refers to the United States: Space Invaders did outsell the previous US leader—Pong of Sea Wolf, take your pick— by six to one (60,000 to 10,000). But if the United States was an eight on the scale of video craziness, Japan was an eleven. Space Invaders created a shortage of the hundred-yen coin. [...] The biggest seller in the history of the United States—Pac-Man—has sold about 100,000 units of the legal Midway version. That's in a country with a 1980 population of 226 million. Japan's 1980 population was about 117 million, or about half that of the United States. In Japan alone, approximately 350,000 Space Invaders machines were sold, about one for every 330 citizens!" 
    • Space Invaders, Arcade History: "About 65000 units were produced in the U.S. and a reported 350000 world wide."
  63. ↑ 63.0 63.1 "Can Asteroids Conquer Space Invaders?". Electronic Games 1 (1): 30-33 [31]. Winter 1981. http://www.digitpress.com/library/magazines/electronic_games/electronic_games_winter81.pdf. Retrieved February 1, 2012. 
  64. ↑ "Video Warriors on the Screen", New Scientist 95 (1317): p. 377, August 5, 1982, ISSN 0262-4079, http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=MdyCKvgw4ksC&pg=PA377, retrieved May 1, 2011, "But this is 1982, and the game Space Invaders ? as the Disney handout enviously reminds us ? grosses over $600 million a year." 
  65. ↑ 65.0 65.1 65.2 65.3 Kao, John J. (1989). Entrepreneurship, creativity & organization: text, cases & readings. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. p. 45. ISBN 0-13-283011-6. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=P-MJAQAAMAAJ. Retrieved 12 February 2012. "Estimates counted 7 billion coins that by 1982 had been inserted into some 400,000 Pac Man machines worldwide, equal to one game of Pac Man for every person on earth. US domestic revenues from games and licensing of the Pac Man image for T-shirts, pop songs, to wastepaper baskets, etc. exceeded $1 billion." 
  66. ↑ Marlene Targ Brill (2009). America in the 1980s. Twenty-First Century Books. p. 120. ISBN 0-8225-7602-3. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=NjmhJKkoKW0C&pg=PT120. Retrieved 1 May 2011. 
  67. ↑ Chris Morris (10 May 2005). "Pac Man turns 25: A pizza dinner yields a cultural phenomenon ? and millions of dollars in quarters". CNN. Archived from the original on 15 May 2011. http://web.archive.org/web/20110515011836/http://money.cnn.com/2005/05/10/commentary/game_over/column_gaming/index.htm. Retrieved 23 April 2011. "In the late 1990s, Twin Galaxies, which tracks video game world record scores, visited used game auctions and counted how many times the average Pac Man machine had been played. Based on those findings and the total number of machines that were manufactured, the organization said it believed the game had been played more than 10 billion times in the 20th century." 
  68. ↑ Mark J. P. Wolf (2008), The video game explosion: a history from PONG to Playstation and beyond, ABC-CLIO, p. 73, ISBN 0-313-33868-X, http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=XiM0ntMybNwC&pg=PA73, retrieved 10 April 2011, "It would go on to become arguably the most famous video game of all time, with the arcade game alone taking in more than a billion dollars, and one study estimated that it had been played more than 10 billion times during the twentieth century." 
  69. ↑ Kline, Stephen; Nick Dyer-Witheford, Greig de Peuter (2003). Digital play: the interaction of technology, culture, and marketing (Reprint ed.). Montreal, Quebec: McGill-Queen's University Press. p. 96. ISBN 0-7735-2591-2. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=gw5V10iLEsUC&pg=PA96. Retrieved 25 February 2012. "The game produced one billion dollars in 1980 alone" 
  70. ↑ At least 800 million quarters ($200 million) in the US during 1981:
  71. ↑ 71.0 71.1 71.2 Ste Curran (2004), Game plan: great designs that changed the face of computer gaming, Rotovision, p. 38, ISBN 2-88046-696-2, http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=TXcWlWkIZ0AC&pg=PA38, retrieved 11 April 2011, "When Street Fighter II′ (pronounced street fighter two dash) was released just a short time later, it sold around 140,000 units, at ¥160,000 (c. US $1300 / £820) each. The figures were beyond massive ? they were simply unheard of. Capcom's Titanic wasn't sinking. Anything but. The game was a runaway success in its territory of choice, bringing Western gamers as much joy as it had in the East." 
  72. ↑ 72.0 72.1 Steven L. Kent (2001), The Ultimate History of Video Games: The Story behind the Craze that Touched Our Lives and Changed the World, Prima, p. 446, http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=C2MH05ogU9oC, retrieved 9 April 2011, "Capcom will not release the final numbers, but some outsiders have estimated that more than 60,000 Street Fighter II arcade machines were sold worldwide." 
  73. ↑ Top 10 Biggest-Grossing Arcade Games of All Time, 2013, http://www.usgamer.net/articles/top-10-biggest-grossing-arcade-games-of-all-time, retrieved 2014-11-10 
  74. ↑ 74.0 74.1 Steven L. Kent (2001), The Ultimate History of Video Games: The Story behind the Craze that Touched Our Lives and Changed the World, Prima, p. 352, http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=C2MH05ogU9oC, retrieved 9 April 2011, "With more than 60,000 units sold in the United States, Donkey Kong was Nintendo's biggest arcade hit. The arcade industry began its long collapse the year after Donkey Kong was released, and Nintendo's arcade fortunes eroded quickly. Nintendo released Donkey Kong Junior in 1982 and sold only 30,000 machines, 20,000 Popeye machines (also 1982), and a mere 5000 copies of Donkey Kong 3 (1983)." 
  75. ↑ 75.0 75.1 75.2 Donkey Kong revenue: $1.496 billion during 1981-1982
    • Cabinet sales revenue: $494 million during 1981-1982
    • United States coin revenue: $1.002 billion from July 1981 to December 1982
      • July–December 1981: $175 million
        • July–October 1981: 4,000 cabinet sales per month, at $288 weekly average earnings per cabinet = $50 million
          • July 1981: 4,000 cabinets = $5 million
          • August 1981: 8,000 cabinets = $10 million
          • September 1981: 12,000 cabinets = $15 million
          • October 1981: 16,000 cabinets = $20 million
        • November–December 1981: 50,000 cabinets at $288 weekly earnings each [19] = $125 million
      • 1982: $827 million
  76. ↑ 76.0 76.1 MIDWAY MFG. CO. v. ARTIC INTERN. (10 March 1982). Retrieved on 6 March 2012
  77. ↑ 77.0 77.1 Bureau of National Affairs (1983), "United States Patents Quarterly, Volume 216", United States Patents Quarterly (Associated Industry Publications) 216, http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=EbVCAQAAIAAJ, retrieved 9 April 2011, "Since February 1980, Midway has sold in excess of 40,000 Galaxian games" 
  78. ↑ 78.0 78.1 Steve L. Kent (2001), The ultimate history of video games: from Pong to Pokemon and beyond : the story behind the craze that touched our lives and changed the world, Prima, p. 352, ISBN 0-7615-3643-4, "In 1982, Universal Sales made arcade history with a game called Mr Do! Instead of selling dedicated Mr Do! machines, Universal sold the game as a kit. The kit came with a customized control panel, a computer board with Mr Do! read-only memory (ROM) chips, stickers that could be placed on the side of stand-up arcade machines for art, and a plastic marquee. It was the first game ever sold as a conversion only. According to former Universal Sales western regional sales manager Joe Morici, the company sold approximately 30,000 copies of the game in the United States alone." 
  79. ↑ 79.0 79.1 79.2 79.3 79.4 79.5 79.6 79.7 Fujihara, Mary (25 July 1983). Inter Office Memo. Atari. Retrieved on 18 March 2012
  80. ↑ 80.0 80.1 FY2005 Third quarter Financial Results (April?December 2004). Konami (27 January 2005). Archived from the original on 16 January 2006 Retrieved on 20 April 2012
  81. ↑ Stern Electronics, Inc. v. Kaufman, 669 F.2d 852 (2nd Cir. 1982)
  82. ↑ Gun Fight, Arcade History
  83. ↑ 83.0 83.1 Steven L. Kent (2001), The Ultimate History of Video Games: The Story behind the Craze that Touched Our Lives and Changed the World, Prima, p. 91, http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=C2MH05ogU9oC, retrieved 9 April 2011, "According to Kauffman, Exidy sold only 1,000 Death Race machines, just a fraction of the number of Sea Wolf and Gun Fight machines Midway placed that same year, but Death Race stirred up protests and was even discussed on CBS’s 60 Minutes." 
  84. ↑ 84.0 84.1 84.2 84.3 What Was The Best-Selling U.S. Arcade Video Game Prior to Space Invaders?, The Golden Age Arcade Historian
  85. ↑ 85.0 85.1 85.2 85.3 85.4 FY Ending March 2006: Full Year Results Presentation. SEGA Sammy Holdings (16 May 2006). Retrieved on 17 May 2012
  86. ↑ 86.0 86.1 "Motorcycle game to Atari". NewsBytes. 1 October 1985. Archived from the original on 5 January 2009. http://web.archive.org/web/20090105185108/http://www.gamearchive.com/General/Articles/ClassicNews/1985/NewsBytes10-1-85.htm. Retrieved 7 March 2012. "So far, SEGA has shipped approx. 7,000 Hang-ons to the Japanese and overseas market. ATARI IRELAND gets 500 sets for the initial shipment, a report says." 
  87. ↑ 87.0 87.1 87.2 87.3 87.4 87.5 FY 2007: Interim Results (April-September 2006) 11-13. SEGA Sammy Holdings (10 November 2006). Retrieved on 18 May 2012
  88. ↑ http://www.arcade-history.com/?n=wheels-no.-591&page=detail&id=4772
  89. ↑ 89.0 89.1 http://allincolorforaquarter.blogspot.co.uk/2012/10/video-gamepinball-combinations.html
  90. ↑ 90.0 90.1 90.2 90.3 90.4 FY2004 Financial Results (for the year ended March 31, 2005). SEGA Sammy Holdings (25 May 2005). Retrieved on 17 May 2012
  91. ↑ FY2005 1Q Results: Amusement Machine Sales. FY2005 1Q Business Results (April?June 2005). SEGA Sammy Holdings (4 August 2005). Retrieved on 18 May 2012
  92. ↑ 92.00 92.01 92.02 92.03 92.04 92.05 92.06 92.07 92.08 92.09 92.10 92.11 Fujihara, Mary (2 November 1983). Inter Office Memo. Atari. Retrieved on 18 March 2012
  93. ↑ http://www.hd.square-enix.com/eng/news/pdf/16q4outline.pdf
  94. ↑ 94.0 94.1 First Half Business Results (April?September 2004). SEGA Sammy Holdings (11 November 2004). Retrieved on 17 May 2012
  95. ↑ Segment Results: Amusement Machines. FY 2007: 1st Quarter Results (April?June 2006). SEGA Sammy Holdings (28 July 2006). Retrieved on 18 May 2012
  96. ↑ 96.0 96.1 Segment Results: Amusement Machine. Fiscal Year 2009: Full Year Results (Ending March 2009). SEGA Sammy Holdings (14 May 2009). Retrieved on 19 May 2012
  97. ↑ 97.0 97.1 97.2 97.3 97.4 Appendix of Consolidated Financial Statements: 9 Months Ended December 31, 2009. SEGA Sammy Holdings (5 February 2010). Retrieved on 13 April 2012
  98. ↑ AOU 2009 - SEGA World Club Champion Football Intercontinental Clubs 2007-2008. AOU Amusement Expo 2009. DigInfo TV (2 March 2009). Retrieved on 18 May 2012
  99. ↑ Sports Gaming in Japan: World Club Champion Football. GameSpot (22 September 2009). Retrieved on 18 May 2012
  100. ↑ 100.0 100.1 100.2 100.3 100.4 Appendix of Consolidated Financial Statements: Year Ended March 31, 2010. SEGA Sammy Holdings (14 May 2010). Retrieved on 13 April 2012
  101. ↑ 101.0 101.1 101.2 101.3 101.4 Appendix of Consolidated Financial Statements: Year Ended March 31, 2011. SEGA Sammy Holdings (13 May 2011). Retrieved on 13 April 2012
  102. ↑ 102.0 102.1 102.2 102.3 102.4 Appendix of Consolidated Financial Statements: Year Ended March 31, 2012. SEGA Sammy Holdings (11 May 2012). Retrieved on 17 May 2012
  103. ↑ Appendix of Consolidated Financial Statements: 9 Months Ended December 31, 2011. SEGA Sammy Holdings (3 February 2012). Retrieved on 13 April 2012
  104. ↑ Interview with David Snook, editor of Coin Slot, published in Mega (magazine), issue 10, page 18, July 1993
  105. ↑ http://www.vasulka.org/archive/Writings/VideogameImpact.pdf#page=25
  106. ↑ http://www.vasulka.org/archive/Writings/VideogameImpact.pdf#page=13
  107. ↑ 107.0 107.1 107.2 "Bally Will Quit Making Pinball, Video Machines". Toledo Blade: p. 22. 11 July 1988. http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=4FtQAAAAIBAJ&sjid=kw4EAAAAIBAJ&pg=6893,2823984. Retrieved 9 March 2012. 
  108. ↑ 108.0 108.1 Mark J. P. Wolf (2001), The medium of the video game, University of Texas Press, p. 44, ISBN 0-292-79150-X, http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=lKZriBxbcwQC&pg=PA44, retrieved 9 April 2011 
  109. ↑ Infoworld Media Group (April 12, 1982). Video arcades rival Broadway theatre and girlie shows in NY. InfoWorld. Retrieved on May 1, 2011
  110. ↑ 110.0 110.1 Steve L. Kent (2001), The ultimate history of video games: from Pong to Pokemon and beyond : the story behind the craze that touched our lives and changed the world, Prima, p. 132, ISBN 0-7615-3643-4, "Atari sold more than 70,000 Asteroids machines in the United States. The game did not do as well in Europe and Asia, however. Only about 30,000 units were sold overseas." 
  111. ↑ 111.0 111.1 Gottschalk, S. (1995). "Videology: Video-Games as Postmodern Sites/Sights of Ideological Reproduction". Symbolic Interaction 18 (1). http://cdclv.unlv.edu/archives/interactionism/gottschalk/video.html. Retrieved 26 February 2012. 
  112. ↑ "Forbes , Volume 127". Forbes: 102. 1981. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6y68AAAAIAAJ&q=%22At+$2000+a+unit,+Atari+has+made+about+$140+million+from+that+game+alone%22. Retrieved 25 February 2012. "At $2000 a unit, Atari has made about $140 million from that game alone." 
  113. ↑ 113.0 113.1 Sellers, John (2001). Arcade fever: the fan's guide to the golden age of video games. Philadelphia: Running Press. p. 51. ISBN 0-7624-0937-1. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=8_3TjWRSLuAC. Retrieved 25 February 2012. "Williams sold around 60,000 units of Defender, easily the company's most successful game." 
  114. ↑ Steven L. Kent (2001), The Ultimate History of Video Games: The Story behind the Craze that Touched Our Lives and Changed the World, Prima, p. 147, http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=C2MH05ogU9oC, retrieved 9 April 2011, "Defender was Williams Electronics' biggest seller. More than 55,000 units were placed worldwide." 
  115. ↑ 115.0 115.1 Morrison, Michael (2002). Sams teach yourself game programming in 24 hours (1. printing. ed.). Indianapolis, IN: Sams Publishing. p. 2. ISBN 0-672-32461-X. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=herTOT2QVWoC&pg=PP2. Retrieved 23 February 2012. 
  116. ↑ Mark J. P. Wolf, The video game explosion: a history from PONG to Playstation and beyond, ABC-CLIO, p. 104, ISBN 0-313-33868-X, http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=XiM0ntMybNwC&pg=PA104, retrieved 19 April 2011 
  117. ↑ [20][21]
  118. ↑ 118.0 118.1 Mean Machines SEGA, issue 22 (August 1994), page 92, published July 1994
  119. ↑ 119.0 119.1 30,000 units at (£7000) ($13,102) each
  120. ↑ 120.0 120.1 FY Ending March 2006: Interim Results Presentation (April?September 2005). SEGA Sammy Holdings (22 November 2005). Retrieved on 17 May 2012
  121. ↑ 121.0 121.1 Carless, Simon (29 March 2007). Uemura ? SEGA's Hidden Game Design Power?. GameSetWatch. Retrieved on 17 May 2012
  122. ↑ 122.0 122.1 Ashcraft, Brian (14 October 2005). How SEGA Reels in Girls. Kotaku. Retrieved on 17 May 2012
  123. ↑ 123.0 123.1 123.2 Beals, Gregory (11 December 2000). "Kings of Cool". Newsweek. http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=NWEC&p_theme=nwec&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EC05F8B217664C7&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM. Retrieved 19 April 2012. "Konami has sold 25,000 Beatmania machines in three years. In the arcade industry, selling 1000 units is considered a success." 
  124. ↑ 124.0 124.1 124.2 124.3 124.4 Pump It Up: Exceed drops to PS2 / Xbox. Punch Jump Crew (8 September 2005). Retrieved on 18 March 2012 “Pump It Up debuted in the arcades in 1999 and has sold over 20,000 machines worldwide. The phenomenonal success of the game has made it a strong competitor to Konami's Dance Dance Revolution.”
  125. ↑ 125.0 125.1 125.2 (Special Feature: Music Simulation Games Rock the Market. Annual Report. Konami (1999). Archived from the original on 25 June 2004 Retrieved on 6 March 2012)
  126. ↑ 126.0 126.1 Dance Dance Revolution revenues:
    • $24 million+ in United States by 2003 (Balauag, Miguel (2004). Dance Dance Revolution: A True Revolution. Stanford University. Retrieved on 20 April 2012)
      • 1192 locations x $15,000 as of 2002 = $18 million+
      • Additional 380 locations x $15,000 in 2003 = $6 million+
    • Remaining 23,428+ units at £9995 ($21,000) each = $492 million+
  127. ↑ 127.0 127.1 Sangokushi Taisen revenue: [22][23]
    • 500,000 users registered with starter packs at ¥500 each = ¥250 million = $3.30033 million [24]
    • 100 million cards at ¥300 each = ¥30 billion = $396.04 million [25]
  128. ↑ 128.00 128.01 128.02 128.03 128.04 128.05 128.06 128.07 128.08 128.09 128.10 128.11 Currency Conversion. XE.com. Retrieved on 13 April 2012
  129. ↑ 129.0 129.1 129.2 Fiscal Year Ending March 2007: 3rd Quarter Results (April-December 2006) 11-13. SEGA Sammy Holdings (7 February 2007). Retrieved on 19 May 2012
  130. ↑ Fiscal Year Ending March 2006: 3rd quarter Results (April?December 2005). SEGA Sammy Holdings (8 February 2006). Retrieved on 17 May 2012
  131. ↑ FY2007 First-Half Period Results Briefing Session. Square Enix (2007-11-19). Archived from the original on 2012-02-13 Retrieved on 2009-01-13
  132. ↑ Outline of Results Briefing. Square Enix (23 May 2008). Retrieved on 18 May 2012
  133. ↑ 133.0 133.1 Outline of Results Briefing by SQUARE ENIX HOLDINGS held on November 7, 2008. Square-Enix.com. Retrieved on 20 December 2008
  134. ↑ 134.0 134.1 20,000 machines at $11,095 [26] each
  135. ↑ 135.00 135.01 135.02 135.03 135.04 135.05 135.06 135.07 135.08 135.09 135.10 135.11 135.12 135.13 135.14 135.15 135.16 135.17 135.18 135.19 135.20 135.21 135.22 135.23 135.24 135.25 135.26 135.27 135.28 135.29 135.30 135.31 135.32 135.33 135.34 135.35 135.36 135.37 135.38 135.39 135.40 135.41 135.42 135.43 135.44 135.45 135.46 135.47 135.48 135.49 135.50 135.51 135.52 135.53 135.54 135.55 135.56 135.57 135.58 135.59 135.60 135.61 135.62 135.63 135.64 135.65 135.66 135.67 135.68 135.69 135.70 135.71 135.72 Atari Production Numbers Memo. Atari Games (4 January 2010). Retrieved on 18 March 2012
  136. ↑ 136.0 136.1 Steve L. Kent (2001), The ultimate history of video games: from Pong to Pokemon and beyond : the story behind the craze that touched our lives and changed the world, Prima, p. 225, ISBN 0-7615-3643-4, "Cinematronics sold more than 16,000 Dragon's Lair machines in 1983, for an average price of $4300. Coleco purchased the home rights to the game, giving Cinematronics an additional $2 million." 
  137. ↑ Harmetz, Aljean (13 August 1983). "Daring Dirk Perk For Arcades". Ottawa Citizen: p. 29. http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=7qMyAAAAIBAJ&sjid=Bu8FAAAAIBAJ&pg=3206,953643. Retrieved 28 February 2012. 
  138. ↑ 138.0 138.1 138.2 Rick Dyer: Biography. Allgame. Retrieved on 10 April 2011
  139. ↑ FY Ending March 2013: 1st Quarter Results Presentation (Ended June 2012). SEGA Sammy Holdings (1 August 2012). Retrieved on 2 September 2012
  140. ↑ http://www.deseretnews.com/article/347090/VIDEO-ARCADES-HANGOUT-CHOICE-OF-A-NEW-GENERATION.html
  141. ↑ Appendix of Consolidated Financial Statements 6 Months Ended September 30, 2011. SEGA Sammy Holdings (31 October 2011). Retrieved on 13 April 2012
  142. ↑ Amusement Machine: 3Q Principle Titles. Fiscal Year Ending March 2006: 3rd Quarter Appendix (April?December 2005). SEGA Sammy Holdings (8 February 2006). Retrieved on 18 May 2012
  143. ↑ Harmetz, Aljean (3 July 1982). "Movie Themes Come To Video Games". Star-News. http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=OwEzAAAAIBAJ&sjid=WBMEAAAAIBAJ&pg=5470,748067. Retrieved 28 February 2012. 
  144. ↑ Jack B. Rochester & John Gantz (1983), The naked computer: a layperson's almanac of computer lore, wizardry, personalities, memorabilia, world records, mind blowers, and tomfoolery, William Morrow and Company, p. 164, ISBN 0-688-02450-5, http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=walFAAAAYAAJ, retrieved 20 April 2011, "Although the Disney Studios expected to make over $400 million from this siliconic extravaganza, our source at Variety tells us that its North American rentals were $15 million and estimated total gross, $30 million. The arcade game Tron, made by Bally, grossed more." 
  145. ↑ 145.0 145.1 145.2 145.3 145.4 Fiscal Year Ended March 2007: Full Year Results. SEGA Sammy Holdings (14 May 2007). Retrieved on 17 May 2012
  146. ↑ 146.0 146.1 146.2 146.3 Fiscal Year 2008: Interim Results. SEGA Sammy Holdings (12 November 2007). Retrieved on 19 May 2012
  147. ↑ 147.0 147.1 147.2 Segment Results: Amusement Machines. FY 2008: Full Year Results (Ending March 2008). SEGA Sammy Holdings (15 May 2008). Retrieved on 19 May 2012
  148. ↑ Steve L. Kent (2001). The ultimate history of video games: from Pong to Pokemon and beyond : the story behind the craze that touched our lives and changed the world. Prima. p. 224. ISBN 0-7615-3643-4. "Gottlieb sold approximately 25,000 Q* Bert arcade machines." 
  149. ↑ 149.00 149.01 149.02 149.03 149.04 149.05 149.06 149.07 149.08 149.09 149.10 149.11 149.12 149.13 149.14 149.15 149.16 149.17 149.18 149.19 149.20 149.21 149.22 149.23 149.24 149.25 149.26 149.27 149.28 Production Numbers. Atari (1999). Retrieved on 19 March 2012
  150. ↑ 150.0 150.1 Japanese gamers shake it, shake it!. Independent Online (14 August 2000). Retrieved on 19 April 2012
  151. ↑ Fulton, Jeff Fulton, Steve; Steve Fulton (2010). "A short history of Missile Command". The essential guide to Flash games : building interactive entertainment with ActionScript 3.0 (New ed. ed.). [Berkeley, Calif.]: Friends of ED. p. 138. ISBN 1-4302-2614-5. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=VCR7XYUncEsC&pg=PA138. Retrieved 7 February 2012. "While certainly not the size of Asteroids, the game was still a huge hit with almost 20,000 units sold." 
  152. ↑ 152.0 152.1 "Business 1974: Industry: Space Age Pinball, Atari's PONG", Time, 5 October 1983, http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,952086,00.html, retrieved 21 April 2011, "Typical of the new games is Pong, a popular version of electronic table tennis manufactured by two-year-old Atari, Inc. (estimated fiscal 1974 revenue: $14 million) of Los Gatos, Calif. Atari sold some 8,500 games to U.S. amusement parlors and other businesses last year." 
  153. ↑ 153.0 153.1 Ashley S. Lipson & Robert D. Brain (2009), Computer and Video Game Law: Cases and Materials, Carolina Academic Press, p. 9, ISBN 1-59460-488-6, http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=IxNDAQAAIAAJ, retrieved 11 April 2011, "Atari eventually sold more than 19,000 Pong machines, giving rise to many imitations. Pong made its first appearance in 1972 at "Andy Capp's," a small bar in Sunnyvale, California, where the video game was literally "overplayed" as eager customers tried to cram quarters into an already heavily overloaded coin slot." 
  154. ↑ 154.0 154.1 Barack, Lauren (8 May 2003). "In Blast From the Past, Atari Video Games Plan a Return". New York Post: p. 34. "It's first hit game, "Pong," launched in 1972, made $11 million in revenue in just one year."  (Link)
  155. ↑ 17,000 units at $795 each
  156. ↑ 696 units at ¥3,382,000 [27] ($45,000) [28] each
  157. ↑ ¥2.3 billion ($27 million)
  158. ↑ 7,000 units at $795 each
  159. ↑ 159.0 159.1 3,904 units at $4250 [29] each
  160. ↑ Shaggy (10 June 2009). Betson: 2000 Guitar Hero units have been sold in three months. Arcade Heroes. Retrieved on 16 June 2012
  161. ↑ [30] [31] Revenue from July 2012 to September 2012
  162. ↑ 162.0 162.1 Steven L. Kent (2000), The first quarter: a 25-year history of video games, BWD Press, p. 83, ISBN 0-9704755-0-0, http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ny-CAAAAMAAJ, retrieved 9 April 2011, "Sea Wolf, which was another creation of Dave Nutting, did solid business, selling more than 10,000 machines." 
  163. ↑ 163.0 163.1 163.2 Big Buck SafariR Reaches Two Milestones!. Raw Thrills (1 September 2009). Retrieved on 19 May 2012
  164. ↑ 164.0 164.1 Strang, Katie (24 April 2007). "Shootout at the local pub: Big Buck Hunter is a hit". The Arizona Republic. http://www.azcentral.com/ent/vgames/articles/0424shooter-CR.html. Retrieved 18 March 2012. 
  165. ↑ "Entering The Snakepit ? A Winner". NewsBytes. 20 December 1983. Archived from the original on 20 August 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20090225183758/http://gamearchive.com/General/Articles/index.html. Retrieved 7 March 2012. 
  166. ↑ 640 units at $15,350 [32] each
  167. ↑ Orland, Kyle (4 March 2011). GDC 2011: Mark Cerny Discusses Marble Madness' Turbulent Development. Gamasutra. Archived from the original on 20 March 2011 Retrieved on 8 March 2011
  168. ↑ 168.0 168.1 Shaggy (3 May 2010). Initial sales numbers for Terminator Salvation arcade. Arcade Heroes. Retrieved on 16 June 2012
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  170. ↑ 170.0 170.1 170.2 170.3 170.4 170.5 Centuri/Allied Leisure Annual Report Goodies - Part 1: Release Dates and Production Numbers
  171. ↑ Radar Scope at Museum of the Game
  172. ↑ 172.0 172.1 Shaggy (7 January 2010). Big Buck Hunter Open Season pushes 3000 units in 90 days. Arcade Heroes. Retrieved on 16 June 2012
  173. ↑ Shaggy (11 February 2010). Silver Strike LIVE starts shipping next week. Arcade Heroes. Retrieved on 16 June 2012
  174. ↑ Operator bowled over by H2Overdrive. Namco Bandai Games (5 March 2010). Retrieved on 16 June 2012
  175. ↑ "Atari: From Starting Block To Auction Block". InfoWorld (InfoWorld Media Group) 6 (32): 52. 6 August 1984. ISSN 0199-6649. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=HC8EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA52. Retrieved 5 March 2012. 
  176. ↑ Modine, Austin (13 December 2008). Before Pong, there was Computer Space. The Register. Retrieved on 23 February 2012
  177. ↑ Buchanan, Levi (28 August 2008). The Revolution of I, Robot, IGN.
  178. ↑ "Call-it Entertainment, Inc. Partners with Capcom to Launch Street Fighter Wireless Game Series". Business Wire. 16 May 2002. http://www.wirelessdevnet.com/news/2002/137/news9.html. Retrieved 17 April 2012. 
  179. ↑ "Guinness World Records Gamer's Edition 2008", Guinness World Records Gamer's Edition (Guinness World Records): p. 77, 2008, ISBN 1-904994-21-0, http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=OJQFSlyMEfAC, retrieved 9 April 2011, "Street Fighter has sold over 25 million console games and 500,000 arcade units generating more than a billion dollars in revenue." 
  180. ↑ Leonard Herman, Jer Horwitz, Steve Kent, Skyler Miller (2002). The History of Video Games. GameSpot. Retrieved on 14 March 2012
  181. ↑ http://www.stanford.edu/dept/HPS/TimLenoir/MilitaryEntertainmentComplex.htm
  182. ↑ 200,000 units at average $17,500 ($15,000 [33] [34] to $20,000 [35]) each
  183. ↑ 183.0 183.1 130,000 units [36] at $15,000 each [37] [38]
  184. ↑ What is Golden Tee?. Incredible Technologies.
  185. ↑ Sickinger, Ted (6 November 1995). "The year of Mortal Kombat". The Kansas City Star: p. 1. http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=KC&p_theme=kc&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EAF423FC2FB96A0&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM. Retrieved 4 March 2012. "More than 1 billion quarters have dropped through its slots since 1992. The first two home versions sold more than 10 million copies at $50 and $60 apiece." 
  186. ↑ 3rd quarter of FY2005: Summary of Financial Results. Konami (January 2005). Archived from the original on 7 March 2005 Retrieved on 20 April 2012
  187. ↑ 187.0 187.1 FY2011 Financial Results: Fiscal year ended March 31, 2011. Konami (May 12, 2011). Retrieved on 2 September 2012
  188. ↑ FY2012 Financial Results: Fiscal year ended March 31, 2012. Konami (May 10, 2012). Retrieved on 2 September 2012
  189. ↑ FY2013 Financial Results: April 1 - June 30, 2012. Konami (August 2, 2012). Retrieved on 2 September 2012

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