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The '''Namco System 21''', also known as the '''Polygonizer''' or '''Polygoniser''',<ref name=cu/> is an [[arcade system board]] unveiled by [[Namco]] in 1988 with the game ''[[Winning Run]]''. It was the first arcade board specifically designed for [[3D computer graphics|3D polygon]] processing. It was in development for over three years before release,<ref name=cu/> since around the mid-1980s. The hardware went through significant evolution throughout its lifespan until the last games, ''[[Cyber Sled]]'' (1993) and ''[[Attack of the Zolgear]]'' (1994), were released. It was preceded by the [[Namco System 2]] in 1987 and succeeded by the [[Namco System 22]] in 1993. System 21 games such as ''[[Galaxian 3|Galaxian³]]'' and ''[[Starblade]]'' established Namco as the market leader in polygonal 3D video games up until the arrival of the [[Sega Model 1]] in 1992.<ref>https://archive.org/stream/mean-machines-sega-magazine-19/MMSega_19_May_1994#page/n49/mode/2up</ref> According to [[Phil Harrison]] (in the September 1989 issue of ''[[Commodore User]]''), who visited Namco's [[Tokyo]] office, Atari's ''[[Hard Drivin']]'' ran on an earlier, less powerful, version of this hardware, stating that Namco and [[Atari Games]] were sister companies at the time and that the System 21 was a shared development.<ref name=cu/> ==Overview== The Namco System 21 "Polygonizer" arcade board was the most powerful gaming hardware of the 1980s. Its 3D graphical capabilities would not be surpassed until the release of Sega's Model 1 arcade system in 1992. The Namco System 21 consisted of four PCB's (printed circuit boards) in a metal casing and arguably features more graphics chips than any other gaming system to date. Of the four boards, the main one was the CPU board, which featured a multi-core 16/32-bit CPU design. The four main CPU processors provided a combined performance of nearly 10 [[Instructions per second|MIPS (Million Instructions Per Second)]]. The most important board, however, was the 3D graphics board, which contained multiple graphics chips dedicated to 3D graphics; this was the first dedicated 3D graphics board and a precursor to the 3D graphics accelerator cards that later appeared for the [[NEC PC-98|PC-98]] and [[PC]] platforms. The core GPU (Graphics Processing Unit) processors of the 3D graphics board were multiple dedicated DSP (Digital Signal Processing) graphics processors, dedicated to processing the complex 3D graphics for that time. In total, the CPU and DSP processors provided a combined performance far exceeding what other gaming systems were capable of up until the arrival of the [[List of Sega arcade system boards|Sega Model 1]] in 1992. ==Technical specifications== The System 21 arcade board consists of four [[Printed circuit board|PCB]]'s housed in a metal crate, including the main CPU [[motherboard]] (similar to the [[Namco System 2]] CPU board) and three [[Graphics processing unit|GPU]] [[Video card|graphics/video boards]]: [[Digital signal processor|DSP]] board, [[3D computer graphics|3D polygon]] board, and object [[framebuffer]] board.<ref name=namcos21>https://github.com/mamedev/mame/blob/master/src/mame/drivers/namcos21.c</ref> Multiple System 21 arcade boards can be combined to provide greater power. ''[[Winning Run|Winning Run '91]]'' uses a System 21B system, consisting of dual System 21 arcade boards.<ref name=namcos21/> ===Processors=== *Main [[Central processing unit|CPU]] [[Microprocessor|processors]]: 2× [[Motorola]] [[Motorola 68000|MC68000P12]] (16/32-bit [[Motorola 68000|68000]]) @ 12.288 MHz and [[Motorola 68020]] (32-bit)<ref name=system16>http://www.system16.com/hardware.php?id=536</ref> @ 12.5 MHz<ref>http://cache.freescale.com/files/32bit/doc/ref_manual/M68020UM.pdf</ref> **[[Fixed-point arithmetic]]: [[16-bit]] & [[32-bit]] [[Instruction set|instructions]] @ 8.089 [[Instructions per second|MIPS]] (million instructions per second) (2× 68000 @ 4.301 MIPS,<ref name=retro>http://www.drolez.com/retro/</ref> 68020 @ 3.788 MIPS<ref name=mc68020>http://www.freescale.com/webapp/sps/site/prod_summary.jsp?code=MC68020</ref>) *[[Digital signal processor|DSP]] (used for performing 3D math) processors: **Original hardware: 5× [[Texas Instruments]] [[Texas Instruments TMS320|TMS320C20]] @ 25 MHz<ref name=racing>http://historyofracinggames.files.wordpress.com/2007/06/060-1987-drivers-eyes-1989-winning-run.pdf</ref> ***Fixed-point arithmetic: 16-bit & 32-bit instructions<ref name=tms23020>http://www.ti.com.cn/cn/lit/an/spra011/spra011.pdf</ref> @ 62.5 MIPS (12.5 MIPS per DSP<ref name=racing/>) ***[[Floating point|Floating-point arithmetic]]: [[Half-precision floating-point format|16-bit]] & [[Single-precision floating-point format|32-bit operations]]<ref name=tms23020/> @ 641,026 [[FLOPS]] (floating-point operations per second) (128,205 FLOPS, or 7.8 [[microsecond]]s per operation, per DSP<ref name=tms23020/>) **Later hardware: 4× [[Texas Instruments TMS320|Texas Instruments TMS320C25]]<ref name=system16/> *Sound CPU: [[Motorola 6809|Motorola M6809]] @ 3.072 MHz<ref name=namcos21/> ([[8-bit]] instructions @ 1.29 MIPS)<ref name=retro/> *[[Sound chip]]s:<ref name=namcos21/> **Namco C140 @ 21.39 kHz: 24 [[Pulse-code modulation|PCM]] channels, [[Stereophonic sound|stereo]] output **[[Yamaha Corporation|Yamaha]] [[Yamaha YM2151|YM2151]] @ 3.57958 MHz: 8 [[Frequency modulation synthesis|FM synthesis]] channels **[[Yamaha YM3012]] @ 3.57958 MHz: [[Floating point]] [[Digital-to-analog converter|DAC]], stereo output *[[Microcontroller|MCU]]: [[Hitachi]] [[Hitachi 6309|HD63705]] @ 2.048 MHz<ref name=namcos21/> (2.048 MIPS)<ref>http://www.datasheetarchive.com/dlmain/Datasheets-13/DSA-246134.pdf</ref> *Additional CPU: 3× [[Zilog Z80]]<ref name=cu/> (8-bit & 16-bit instructions) *[[Namco]] Custom graphics chips: C195, 2× C197, C317, 4× C327, 4× C342, [[Namco NB-1|NB-1]] [[Sprite (computer graphics)|sprite]] system,<ref name=system16/> C355 Motion Object(B)<ref name=namcoic>https://github.com/mamedev/mame/blob/master/src/mame/includes/namcoic.h</ref> *Other Namco Custom chips: Namco C68, C137 Clock Generator IC, C139 Serial I/F Controller, 2× C148 CPU Bus Manager, C149 Mouse/Trackball Decoder<ref name=namcoic/><ref name=system16/> ===Memory=== [[Random-access memory|RAM]]: 2370 KB (original hardware), or 2556 KB (later hardware) *Main [[Random-access memory|RAM]]: 740 KB<ref name=namcos21/> **CPU work RAM: 320 KB ***High-speed [[Static random-access memory|SRAM]]: 212 KB (2× 8 KB,<ref>http://smartdata.usbid.com/datasheets/usbid/2008/2008-q4/mb8464-12p.pdf</ref> 2× 2 KB,<ref>http://k1.spdns.de/Develop/Hardware/Infomix/ICs%20computer/RAM/SRAM/MCM2018.pdf</ref> 6× 32 KB<ref>http://www.andysarcade.net/store/images/datasheets/HM65256B.pdf</ref>) **Other CPU RAM: 420 KB (16 KB [[EEPROM]], 256 KB C148, 64 KB unused, 4 KB [[Dual-ported RAM|DPRAM]], 16 KB C139 SCI [[Data buffer|buffer]], 64 KB shared) *[[Video memory|Video RAM]]: 2120 KB (original hardware), or 2306 KB (later hardware)<ref name=namcos21/> **CPU video RAM: 136 KB (original hardware), or 322 KB (later hardware) ***Original hardware: 136 KB (64 KB polygon data, 8 KB DSP common RAM, 64 KB GPU common RAM) ***Later hardware: 322 KB (64 KB DSP, 2 KB depth cue, 128 KB objects, 128 KB palette) **DSP RAM: 128 KB high-speed SRAM (2× 32 KB,<ref>http://www.chipdocs.com/datasheets/datasheet-pdf/Hitachi-Semiconductor/HM62832.html</ref> 4× 8 KB,<ref>http://www.findchips.com/detail/m5m5189bp20</ref> 16× 2 KB<ref>http://www.datasheetarchive.com/IS61C68-datasheet.html</ref>) **Main [[Graphics processing unit|GPU]] video RAM: 1536 KB ***High-speed 3D polygon/[[framebuffer]] SRAM: 490 KB (10× 32 KB,<ref>http://midas.herts.ac.uk/Datasheets/rom_ram/62256.pdf</ref> 4× 32 KB,<ref>http://www.andysarcade.net/store/images/datasheets/MB84256.pdf</ref> 5× 2 KB,<ref>http://www.twistywristarcade.com/ram/928-cy7c128-ram.html</ref> 4× 8 KB Mitsubishi M5M5178<ref>https://github.com/mamedev/mame/blob/master/src/mame/drivers/model1.c</ref>) **Other GPU RAM: 320 KB (128 KB work RAM, 64 KB common RAM, 128 KB [[Palette (computing)|palette]]) *Audio RAM: 20 KB (8 KB main, 8 KB C140, 4 KB DPRAM)<ref name=namcos21/> *MCU RAM: 2 KB DPRAM<ref name=namcos21/> [[Data storage device|Storage media]]: [[Read-only memory|ROM]] board, [[LaserDisc|Laserdisc]] ===Graphics=== *[[Display resolution]]: [[480p|496×480]] display<ref name=includes>https://github.com/mamedev/mame/blob/master/src/mame/includes/namcos21.h</ref> ([[576p|512×512]] [[overscan]]),<ref name=gal3/> [[progressive scan]] *[[List of color palettes|Color palette]]: 16,777,216 ([[List of monochrome and RGB palettes#24-bit RGB|24-bit RGB]] [[true Color|true color]])<ref>https://github.com/mamedev/mame/blob/master/src/mame/drivers/namcos2.c</ref> *Colors on screen: 238,080 (32,768 unique colors,<ref>https://github.com/mamedev/mame/blob/master/src/mame/includes/namcos2.h</ref> 8 [[Depth perception|depth cue]] intensity levels,<ref name=namcos21/> 496×480 [[pixel]]s) *[[Frame rate]]: 60 frames per second<ref name=namcos21/> *[[Digital geometry|Geometric]] performance: 60,000 [[Polygon (computer graphics)|polygons]] per second (1000 polygons per frame)<ref name=cu>https://archive.org/stream/commodore-user-magazine-72/Commodore_User_Issue_72_1989_Sep#page/n89/mode/2up</ref> *Graphical capabilities: [[Flat shading]], [[Depth perception|depth cueing]], [[Z-buffering]], [[Distance fog|fog effects]]<ref name=namcos21/> ==Board specifications== ===Main CPU (Central Processing Unit) board=== *Main CPU processors: **System 21 & System 21B: ***Main CPU processors: 2x Hitachi/Toshiba 68HC000 (16/32-bit Motorola 68000) @ 12.3 MHz each ****Performance: 4.4 [[Instructions per second|MIPS (Million Instructions Per Second)]] (2.2 MIPS each) ***Additional CPU: 1-2 Motorola 68020 (32-bit) processors @ 12.3 MHz each ****Instruction performance: 3.8 - 7.6 [[Instructions per second|MIPS]] (3.8 MIPS each) ****Floating-point performance: 95,000 FLOPS (Floating-point Operations Per Sec) **System 21C: ***Main CPU processors: 1-9 Motorola 68020 (32-bit) processors @ 25 MHz each ****Instruction performance: 7.6 - 69 MIPS (7.6 MIPS each) ****Floating-point performance: 0.19 - 1.8 MFLOPS (Million Floating-point Operations Per Sec) ***Additional CPU processors: 2-9 Motorola 68000 (16/32-bit) processors @ 12.3 MHz each ****Performance: 4.4 - 20 MIPS (2.2 MIPS each) *Sound CPU: **System 21 & System 21B: Motorola MC68B09EP (based on 8/16-bit Motorola 6809) @ 3.1 MHz ***Performance: 1.3 MIPS ***Physical memory: 64 KB **System 21C: Motorola 68000 (32-bit) @ 12.3 MHz ***Performance: 2.2 MIPS *MCU (Micro-Computer Unit) processor: Hitachi HD63705 (8-bit) @ 2.1 MHz **EPROM (Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory) memory: 4 KB *FM synth (Frequency Modulation synthesis) sound chip: Yamaha YM2151 (OPM) @ 3.6 MHz **DAC (Digital-to-Analog Converter) sound chip for FM synth: Yamaha YM3012 (stereo) *PCM (Pulse-Code Modulation) sound chip: Namco C140 (24-channel, 21.4 KHz sampling rate) **DAC sound chip for PCM audio: Namco LC7880 *XTAL: 3.6 MHz *OSC: 49.2 MHz *ROM (Read-Only Memory) voice memory: 16 MB (4x 4 MB modules) *RAM (Random Access Memory) chips: 2x MB8464, 2x MCM2018, 4x HM65256, 2x HM62256 *Custom chips: 2x Namco 148, Namco C68, Namco 139, Namco 137, Namco 149 *Other chips: Sharp PC900 & PC910 opto-oscillators, Hitachi HN58C65P (EEPROM), Fujitsu MB3771, 2x Fujitsu MB87077-SK, Sanyo LB1760, SYS87B-2B, CY7C132 === DSP graphics board=== *GPU (Graphics Processing Unit) processors: **DSP (Digital Signal Processing) processors for performing [[3D]] math: ***System 21: 5x Texas Instruments TMS320C20 (32-bit) @ 25 MHz each ****Performance: 62.5 MIPS (12.5 MIPS each) ***System 21B: 4x Texas Instruments TMS320C25 (32-bit) @ 25 MHz each ****Performance: 64 MIPS (16 MIPS each) ***System 21C: 5-80 Texas Instruments TMS320C25 (32-bit) processors @ 25-40 MHz each ****Performance: 80 MIPS (16 MIPS each) to 2048 MIPS (25.6 MIPS each) **Custom processors: 4x Namco 327, 4x Namco 342, 2x Namco 197, Namco 317, Namco 195 *OSC: 40 MHz *Video RAM (VRAM) chips: 2x Hitachi HM62832, 4x Mitsubishi M5M5189, 16x ISSI IS61C68 *ROM (Read-Only Memory) chip: Texas Instruments TMS27C04 *Graphics display program ROM: GPR0L, GPR0U, GPR1L, GPR1U, GP0L, GP0U, GP1L, GP1U *Graphics display data ROM: GDT0L, GDT0U, GDT1L, GDT1U, GD0L, GD0U, GD1L, GD1U ===Other boards=== *OSC for other two boards: 20 MHz and 38.8 MHz *Namco Custom GPU: C355 Motion Object (B)<ref>http://mamedev.org/source/src/mame/includes/namcoic.h.html</ref> *[[2D]] graphics: [[Namco NB-1]] [[sprite]] system *Other Namco Custom chips: 187, 138, 165 *RAM chips for other two boards: 10x HM62256, 4x 84256, 5x CY7C128, 4x M5M5178 *Other chips: 16x 157, 2x L7A0564, MB8422-90LP, L7A0565 316, 150, 167 *[[wikipedia:Random-access memory|RAM]]: 3162 [[Kilobyte|KB]]<ref name=namcos21/> **Main RAM: 592 KB **[[wikipedia:VRAM|Video RAM]]: 2544 KB (2304 KB GPU, 128 KB [[wikipedia:Palette (computing)|palette]], 64 KB [[Three-dimensional|polygon]] data, 48 KB DSP) **[[wikipedia:Dual-ported RAM|DPRAM]]: 10 KB **Audio RAM: 16 KB *[[Two-dimensional|Display resolution]]: 496x480<ref name=includes>http://mamedev.org/source/src/mame/includes/namcos21.h.html</ref> to 512x512<ref>mamedev.org/source/src/mame/drivers/gal3.c.html</ref> per screen *[[Two-dimensional|Color palette]]: 16,777,216 colors ([[wikipedia:List of monochrome and RGB palettes#24-bit RGB|24-bit RGB]])<ref>http://mamedev.org/source/src/mame/drivers/namcos2.c.html</ref> *Colors on screen: 262,144 (32,768 unique colors<ref>http://mamedev.org/source/src/mame/includes/namcos2.h.html</ref> and 8 [[wikipedia:Depth perception|depth cue]] intensity levels)<ref name=namcos21/> *[[wikipedia:Frame rate|Frame rate]]: 60 frames per second<ref name=namcos21/> *Geometric performance: 46,140 quad [[Three-dimensional|polygons]] per second (769 quad polygons per frame)<ref name=includes/> *Features: [[Flat shading]], [[Depth perception|depth cueing]], [[Z-buffering]]<ref name=namcos21/> ==Galaxian³ specifications== {{See also|Galaxian 3}} The ''[[Galaxian 3|Galaxian³]]'' hardware, released in 1990, used multiple System 21 arcade boards. ''Galaxian³'' uses sixteen System 21 boards, while its scaled-down successors ''[[Galaxian 3|Galaxian³: Project Dragoon]]'' and ''[[Attack of the Zolgear]]'' use two System 21 boards each.<ref name=gal3/> The upgraded specifications for ''Galaxian³'' include:<ref name=gal3>https://github.com/mamedev/mame/blob/master/src/mame/drivers/gal3.c</ref><ref>http://system16.com/hardware.php?id=833&page=1#2688</ref> *Board composition: 5 [[Motherboard|CPU boards]], 1 [[Sound card|sound board]], 16 [[Video card|video board]] sets (16 DSP boards, 16 [[3D computer graphics|3D polygon]] boards, 16 object [[framebuffer]] boards), 9 personal player-terminal boards *Main [[Central processing unit|CPU]]: 5× [[Motorola 68020]] @ 24.576 MHz (37.236 MIPS<ref name=mc68020/>), [[Motorola 68000]] @ 12.288 MHz (2.15 MIPS<ref name=retro/>), 9× Motorola 68000 @ 12 MHz (18.9 MIPS<ref name=retro/>) **[[Fixed-point arithmetic]]: [[16-bit]] & [[32-bit]] [[Instruction set|instructions]] @ 58.286 [[Instructions per second|MIPS]] (million instructions per second) *[[Digital signal processor|DSP]]: 80× [[Texas Instruments TMS320|Texas Instruments TMS320C25]] @ 40 MHz **Fixed-point arithmetic: 16-bit & 32-bit instructions<ref name=tms23020/> @ 1600 MIPS (20 MIPS per DSP, 0.5 MIPS per MHz<ref name=racing/>) **[[Floating point|Floating-point arithmetic]]: [[Half-precision floating-point format|16-bit]] & [[Single-precision floating-point format|32-bit operations]]<ref name=tms23020/> @ 16.41 [[FLOPS|MFLOPS]] (million floating-point operations per second) (205,128 [[FLOPS]] per DSP, 5128 FLOPS per MHz<ref name=tms23020/>) *Sound CPU: [[Motorola 68000]] @ 12 MHz (2.1 MIPS<ref name=retro/>) *[[Sound chip]]s: 4× Namco C140 @ 21.39 kHz **Audio capabilities: 96 [[Pulse-code modulation|PCM]] channels (24 per chip) *Speaker output: 4-channel [[Bose Corporation|Bose]] [[surround sound]] system *Display: [[Multi-monitor|16-screen]], 16× [[RGB color model|RGB]] projectors, 360-degree wrap-around *[[Display resolution|Resolution]]: 8064×504 ([[480p|504×504]] per screen) display, 8192×512 (512×512 per screen) [[overscan]], [[progressive scan]] *[[List of color palettes|Color palette]]: 16,777,216 **Colors per screen: 254,016 (504×504) **Colors on display: 4,064,256 (254,016 per screen) *[[Frame rate]]: 60 frames per second *[[Digital geometry|Geometric]] performance: 960,000 [[Polygon (computer graphics)|polygons]] per second (60,000 per screen) *Graphical capabilities: [[Flat shading]], [[Depth perception|depth cueing]], [[Z-buffering]], [[Distance fog|fog effects]]<ref name=namcos21/> *[[Data storage device|Storage media]]: [[Read-only memory|ROM]] boards, 16 [[Laserdisc player]]s (1 per screen) ==List of System 21 games== *''[[Winning Run]]'' (1988) ===System 21B=== *''[[Winning Run Suzuka Grand Prix]]'' (1989) *''[[Driver's Eyes]]'' (1990) *''[[Winning Run 91]]'' (1991) - 2× System 21 boards<ref name=namcos21/> ===System 21C=== *''[[Galaxian 3|Galaxian³]]'' (1990) - 16× System 21 boards<ref name=gal3/> *''[[Solvalou]]'' (1991) - 3D sequel to [[Xevious]] (1982) and [[Super Xevious]] (1984) *''[[Star Blade]]'' (1991) *''[[Air Combat]]'' (1992) *''[[ShimDrive]]'' (1992) *''[[Cyber Sled]]'' (1993) *''[[Galaxian 3|Galaxian³: Project Dragoon]]'' (1994) - 2× System 21 boards<ref name=gal3/> *''[[Attack of the Zolgear]]'' (1994) - 2× System 21 boards<ref name=gal3/> ==See also== *[[Namco System 2]] *[[Namco NB-1]] *[[Namco System 22]] *[[List of Sega arcade system boards]] ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== *[http://www.system16.com/hardware.php?id=536 Namco System 21], System 16: The Arcade Museum *[http://mamedev.org/source/src/mame/drivers/namcos21.c.html Namco System 21], MAME *[http://translate.google.co.uk/translate?hl=en&sl=ja&u=http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/SYSTEM21 Namco System 21], Japanese Wiki *[http://www.arcade-history.com/?n=winning-run&page=detail&id=4986 Winning Run], Arcade History *[http://historyofracinggames.files.wordpress.com/2007/06/060-1987-drivers-eyes-1989-winning-run.pdf Driver's Eyes & Winning Run], History of Racing Games *[http://www.alldatasheet.com/datasheet-pdf/pdf/105666/SANYO/LC7880.html Sanyo LC7880], All Datasheet *[http://www.datasheets.org.uk/TMS320C25-datasheet.html Texas Instruments TMS320C25], Datasheets *[http://mamedev.org/source/src/mame/drivers/gal3.c.html Galaxian 3], MAME *[http://www.system16.com/hardware.php?id=833 Namco Medium Sized Attractions Hardware], System 16: The Arcade Museum *[http://www.arcade-history.com/?n=galaxian-3-gh-28-model&page=detail&id=32451 Galaxian 3], Arcade History {{Bandai Namco}} [[Category:Namco arcade system boards]] [[Category:Arcade system boards]] [[Category:Namco]]
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